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Party  Platforms 
and  Conventions 


TOGETHER  WITH 

Votes  and  Proceedings  of  the  Republican, 

Democratic  and  Progressive  National 

Conventions  of  1912 

Text  of  the  Constitutional  Provisions 

under  which  the  election  may  be 

thrown  into  the  House 

Electoral  Vote  in  1912 

Popular  and  Electoral  Votes  in 
Previous  Elections, 
etc. 


Uht  f  ijening  f  a^ 


New  York 


PRICE  TEN  CENTS 


Story  of  the  Conventions 


THE  REPUBLICAN  CONVENTION 

The  Republican  National  Convention  met  at  Chicago,  June  18.  Interest 
in  the  outcome,  however,  had  been  centred  upon  Chicago  for  about  a  week 
previous  to  that  date,  during  which  time  the  National  Committee  was  oc- 
cupied in  hearing  and  deciding  252  cases  of  contested  delegates.  A  few  of 
these  were  contests  of  one  set  of  Taft  or  Roosevelt  delegates  against  another 
set,  a  few  were  of  Taft  delegates  against  Roosevelt  delegates ;  but  the  great 
majority  of  them  were  cases  in  which  Roosevelt  delegates  were  contesting  the 
claims  of  Taft  delegates.  The  net  result  of  the  contests  was  the  seat- 
ing of  less  than  20  of  the  Roosevelt  contestants.  Some  of  the  cases  were  de- 
cided unanimously,  notably  those  of  12  of  the  1-1  delegates  from  Alabama, 
and  the  4*  dclcgates-at-large  from  Indiana,  in  which  the  Roosevelt  members 
of  the  committee  voted  against  the  Roosevelt  contestants.  In  many  of  the 
others  there  was  no  roll-call,  the  supporters  of  the  Roosevelt  claims  not 
mustering  enough  votes  to  demand  one.  Some  of  the  contests  were  with- 
drawn before  a  vote  could  be  taken  on  them.  In  general,  the  Roosevelt  claims 
were  supported  in  the  committee  by  from  3  to  19  votes  out  a  total  of  53. 

The  first  test  vote  in  the  convention  was  upon  the  election  of  the 
temporary  chairman.  Senator  Root  was  proposed  by  the  National  Com- 
mittee, and  Gov,  McGovern,  of  Wisconsin,  was  put  forward  by  the  Roose- 
velt forces.  The  result  was :  Root,  558 :  McGovern,  502.  As  540  delegates 
constituted  a  majority  of  the  convention,  this  vote  showed  that  the  Taft 
delegates  had  a  narrow  lead.    The  question  was,  could  they  hold  it.'' 

The  next  test  was  on  a  motion  by  James  E.  Watson,  of  Indiana,  to  table 
an  amendment  offered  by  Gov.  Deneen,  of  Illinois,  which  provided  that  none 
of  a  list  of  about  90  of  the  contested  delegates  should  vote  on  the  member- 
ship or  the  report  of  the  Credentials  Committee,  which  was  to  pass  upon  the 
cases  that  had  been  before  the  National  Committee.  This  motion  was  carried 
by  a  vote  of  564  to  510,  and  all  delegates  were  thus  left  free  to  vote  upon  all 
casds,  except  that,  according  to  custom,  no  delegate  could  vote  upon  his  own 
case. 

Gov.  Hadley,  of  Missouri,  then  offered  a  resolution  barring  a  block  of  72 
delegates  from  voting  on  any  case  in  which  any  one  of  the  72  was  inter- 
ested.   This  resolution  was  defeated  by  a  vote  of  569  to  477. 

Gov.  Hadley  then  moved  to  substitute  the  minority  or  Roosevelt  report 
for  the  majority  or  Taft  report  in  the  case  of  the  2  delegates  from  the  9th 
Alabama  District,  the  only  Alabama  delegates   that  the  Roosevelt   forces 


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2 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


really  lioped  to  obtain.  Against  this  motion  the  Taft  supporters  rallied  the 
largest  vote  that  they  won  during  the  entire  series  of  contests.  The  figures 
were:     For  the  motion,  464;  against  the  motion,  605. 

The  minority  or  Roosevelt  report  on  the  6  delegates-at-large  from 
Arizona  was  lost  by  a  vote  of  564i  to  497,  and  the  case  of  the  2  delegates 
from  the  5th  Arkansas  District  was  settled  for  Taft  without  a  roll-call,  by 
a  viva  voce  vote. 

The  Taft  forces  sank  to  their  lowest  number  in  the  vote  on  the  bitterly 
contested  case  of  the  2  delegates  from  the  4th  California  District,  on  which 
the  result  was :  For  the  Taft  delegates,  542 ;  against,  529. 

The  Roosevelt  delegates  were  now  making  up  their  minds  not  to  vote 
on  the  adoption  of  the  platform  or  on  nominations  for  President  and  Vice- 
President.  The  platform  was  accordingly  adopted  by  a  vote  in  favor  of  it 
of  QQQ,  with  343  delegates  not  voting. 

The  vote  by  States  on  the  nominations  for  President  was  as  follows : 


STATES. 

i. 

Eh 

4^ 

> 

1 

1 

1 

1-1 

. 

a 
S 
g 

1 

< 

a 

o 
> 

STATES. 

t 

> 

— 

"S 

s 

■g 

S 

3 

o 

< 

a 

t 
> 
o 

Alabama 

22 

6 

17 

2 

12 

14 

6 

12 

28 

1 

2 

20 

16 

2 

24 

20 

2 

2 

7 
76 

1 

26 

Arizona 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

1 

8 
1 

Arkansas 

1 
24 

6 

California 

22 

Colorado 

10 

Connecticut 

Ohio 

14 

4 

34 

Delaware 

1 
8 
2 

15 

Florida 

2 

Georgia 

♦Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

9 
10 
16 

1 

62 

Idaho 

7 

Illinois 

53 
3 

1 

2 

7 

South  Carolina 

1 

Indiana 

5 

1 

5 

Iowa 

10 

Tennessee 

23 
31 
8 
6 
22 
14 

18 

Texas 

8 

Kentucky 

2 

Utah 

2 

12 
5 

16 
1 

24 
3 

20 

1 

Maryland 

1 
20 
20 

9 

1 

Massachusetts 

West  Virginia 

16 

9 

26 

6 
2 
2 
6 
2 
2 

Mississippi 

17 
16 

8 

Alaska 

District  of  Columbia.  . 

Nebraska 

2 

14 

Philippine  Islands 

6 

8 

Totals 

563 

105 

41 

17 

6 

.344 

1                  

*  Hughes,  2. 

For  Vice-President  the  vote  was  divided  as  follows : 

Sherman 597 

Borah 21 

Hadley 14 

Absent 71 

Not  voting 352 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


THE  DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION 

The  Democratic  Convention  met  at  Baltimore  June  26.  There  were  few 
contests  over  delegates,  but  a  struggle  developed  over  the  election  of  a 
temporary  chairman,  as  had  been  the  case  in  the  Republican  Convention  at 
Chicago.  W.  J.  Bryan  announced  his  opposition  to  Judge  Alton  B.  Parker 
for  the  position,  but  the  National  Committee  chose  Parker  by  a  vote  of  31 
to  20  for  Ollie  James,  of  Kentucky,  and  2  for  Senator  O'Gorman  of  New 
York.  Mr.  Bryan  carried  the  fight  to  the  floor  of  the  convention,  where  he 
was  himself  nominated  for  the  post,  but  was  again  defeated,  the  vote-  stand- 
ing: Parker,  579;  Bryan,  506. 

There  was  no  particular  significance  in  this  vote,  however,  and  Bryan 
was  successful  in  defeating  the  attempt  of  the  Rules  Committee  to  sustain 
he  unit  rule  in  States  where  the  party  rules  were  not  mandatory  on  the 
ubject.  The  question  arose  over  a  report  from  the  committee  making  a 
unit  instruction  by  a  State  Convention  binding  on  a  delegation  if  a  majority 
of  the  delegation  favored  any  particular  candidate.  Ohio  was  especially 
affected  by  the  report,  as  18  of  its  delegates  would  be  released  for  Wilson 
if  the  report  should  be  defeated.  The  report  was  defeated  by  a  vote  of 
565  1-2  to  491  1-3,  and  the  hopes  of  the  Wilson  delegates  rose  a  little. 

A  sensational  feature  of  the  Convention  was  Bryan's  resolution  and 
speech  demanding  "the  withdrawal  from  this  convention  of  any  delegate  or 
delegates  constituting  or  representing  the  above  named  interests,"  namely, 
those  of  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  Thomas  F.  Ryan,  August  Belmont,  "or  any 
other  member  of  the  privilege-hunting  and  favor-seeking  class."  He  finally 
withdrew  this  demand,  but  carried  that  part  of  his  resolution  putting  the 
Convention  on  record  as  opposed  to  the  nomination  of  any  candidate  repre- 
senting or  under  obligations  to  any  of  the  men  named. 

The  voting  on  nominations  began  on  Saturday,  June  29,  and  continued 
until  Tuesday,  July  2,  when  the  46th  ballot  was  taken.  Speaker  Clark  led 
on  the  first  ballot.  On  the  10th,  New  York's  90  votes  swung  to  him  under 
the  unit  rule.  This  was  his  high-water  mark  in  the  voting,  although  for 
several  successive  ballots  he  had  a  majority  of  the  votes.  But  he  was  far 
from  the  necessary  two-thirds,  and  steadily  became  farther.  On  the  24th 
ballot,  Gov.  Wilson's  vote  crossed  the  400  line  and  never  re-crossed  it.  His 
gains  were  slow  even  now,  however,  and  it  required  no  less  than  15  ballots 
more  to  carry  him  to  the  500  mark.  On  the  43rd  ballot,  he  took  a  jump  of 
108  votes,  and  the  44th  put  him  within  100  of  the  fateful  two-thirds.  The 
end  was  in  sight,  and  after  one  more  ballot.  Senator  Bankhead,  of  Alabama, 
Chairman  Underwood's  campaign  manager,  began  the  stampede  by  with- 
drawing Underwood's  name  from  further  consideration.  Senator  Stone,  of 
Missouri,  recognized  the  inevitable  by  releasing  the  Clark  delegates,  and  the 
final  roll-call  gave  the  New  Jersey  Governor  990  of  the  1,086  delegates  in  the 
Convention. 


Party  Platforms  and  Coxvextioxs 


Another  Governor,  Thomas  R.  Marshall,  of  Indiana,  was  nominated  for 
Vice-President  on  motion  after  the  second  ballot  had  given  him  645  1-2  votes 
to  387  1-3  for  Governor  Burke,  of  North  Dakota,  and  12  1-2  for  Senator 
Chamberlain  of  Oregon. 

Following  is  the  series  of  votes  on  the  nomination  for  President : 


-a 

0 

•73 
O 

No.  of  Ballot. 

d 

o 

CI 

o 

No.  of  Ballot. 

0 

O 

o 

X) 

i 

■a 

a 

03 

o 

% 

T3 

e 

t3 

1 

g         1 

S      fe 

324 

440i 

117J 

148 

31 

402* 

496 

115i 

.  .       30       .  . 

Second 

349§ 

446J 

nil 

141 

31 

Twenty-fifth.  .  . 

405 

469 

108 

29      30       .  . 

Third 

345 

441 

114J 

140^ 

31 

Twenty-sixth. .  . 

407i 

463  J 

112^ 

29      30       .  . 

Fourth 

349  J 

443 

112 

136i 

31 

Twenty-seventh 

406i 

469 

112 

29      30       .  . 

Fifth 

351 

443 

119J 

141i 

31 

Twenty-eighth . 

437i 

468^ 

112i 

29 

.       38 

Sixth 

354 

445 

121 

135 

31 

Twenty-ninth .  . 

436 

468^ 

112 

29 

.       38 

Seventh 

352  i 

449  i 

123i 

129J 

31 

Thirtieth 

460 

455 

12U 

19 

.       30 

Eighth 

351i 

448i 

123 

130 

31 

Thirty-first 

4751 

446^ 

116i 

17 

.       30 

Ninth 

352i 

452 

122^ 

127 

31 

Thirty-second. . 

477i 

446J 

118i 

14 

28 

Tenth 

350i 

556 

117i 

31 

31 

Thirtv-third 

477i 

447i 

103  J 

29 

28 

Eleventh 

354J 

554 

118i 

29 

30 

Thirty-fourth .  . 

479^ 

447i 

lOU 

29 

.       28 

Twelfth 

354 

549 

123 

29 

30 

Thirtv-fif  th .... 

494i 

433i 

lOU 

29 

.       28 

Thirteenth 

356 

554J 

lloi 

29 

30 

Thirtv-sixth 

496i 

434i 

98i 

29 

28 

Fourteenth 

361 

553 

111 

29 

30 

Thirty-seventh. 

496i 

432i 

lOOi 

29 

.       28 

Fifteenth 

362^ 

552 

llOi 

29 

30 

Thirtv-eighth  .  . 

498i 

425 

106 

29 

.       28 

Sixteenth 

362^ 

551 

112^ 

29 

30 

Thirtv-ninth .  .  . 

5011 

422 

106 

29 

28 

Seventeenth 

362^ 

545 

112i 

29 

30 

Fortieth 

501  i 

423 

106 

28 

28 

Eighteenth 

361 

535 

125 

29 

30 

Forty-first 

499i 

424 

106 

27 

.       28 

Nineteenth 

358 

532 

130 

29 

30 

Forty-second. .  . 

494 

430 

104 

27 

28 

Twentieth 

388i 

512 

121i 

29 

30 

Forty-third .... 

602 

329 

98J 

28 

27 

Twenty-first 

395i 

508 

118J 

29 

30 

Forty-fourth .  .  . 

629 

306 

99 

27 

27 

Twenty-second .  .  . 

396i 

500i 

115 

30 

Fortv-fifth 

633 

306 

97 

25 

27 

Twenty-third 

399 

497i 

114J 

30 

Forty-sixth 

990 

84 

12 

Baldwin,  who  started  with  22  votes,  dropped  out  after  the  fourth  ballot. 

Bryan  received  one  vote  on  most  of  the  ballots,  sometimes  two,  and  seven  on  the  nineteenth. 

Ksrn  received  one  vote  on  the  third  ballot,  and  one  or  two  votes  on  most  of  the  succeeding  ballots.  He 
received  4i  on  the  sixteenth  ballot.  Alayor  Gaynor  received  one  vote  on  the  eighth  ballot  and  again  on  the 
forty-first  and  forty-second  ballots. 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


Here  are  the  final  ballots  by  States : 


forty-fourth 

BALLOT. 


FORTY-FIFTH 
BALLOT. 


FORTY-SIXTH 
BALLOT. 


STATES. 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Alaska 

District  of  Columbia. 

Hawaii 

Porto  Rico 


6i 
58 
30 
18 
20 


Totals. 


629 


li 


26 
5 
1 
8i 


306 


24 


20 


27 


27 


27 


10 
5 
6 
3 

58 
30 
17 
20 

is 
11 

7 

9 

28 

24 


633 


li 


26 
5 
1 
8i 


90 


10 


10 


6 
2 
1 

306 


20 


97 


25 


27 


990 


24 


36 


12 


84 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


THE  PROGRESSIVE  CONVENTION 

Immediately  following  the  nomination  of  President  Taft  at  Chicago,  some 
300  Roosevelt  delegates,  who  had  taken  no  part  in  the  voting,  met  and 
nominated  ex-President  Roosevelt  for  President.  It  was  decided,  however, 
to  call  another  National  Convention  for  the  purpose  of  adopting  a  plat- 
form, making  nominations  for  President  and  Vice-President,  and  organ- 
izing a  new  party.  Accordingly,  delegates  assembled  at  Chicago,  August 
5th,  organized  the  National  Progressive  Party,  nominated  Theodore  Roose- 
velt, of  New  York,  for  President,  and  Gov.  Pliram  Johnson,  of  California,  for 
Vice-President,  both  by  acclamation,  and  adopted  a  platform  without  a  dis- 
senting voice.  So  harmonious  were  the  proceedings,  despite  undercurrents 
of  disagreement,  that  no  roll-call  was  ever  taken,  and  no  one  knows  just  how 
many  "delegates"  were  present.     The  Convention  was  really  a  mass  meeting. 

Nevertheless,  the  one  serioiis- difficulty  in  the  proceedings  Avas  over  the 
question  that  gave  so  much  trouble  in  the  Republican  Convention,  the  ques- 
tion of  contested  delegates.  In  the  Progressive  Convention,  however,  the 
bone  of  difficulty  was  racial  rather  than  political.  Seats  were  denied  to 
^Southern  negroes,  not  because  they  had  not  been  regularly  elected — no  one 
could  have  said  what  constituted  regular  election  to  the  Progressive  Con- 
vention— but  because  they  were  Southern  negroes.  Roosevelt's  own  explana- 
tion of  the  new  policy  was  as  follows : 

In  Republican  National  Conventions  hitherto  there  has  been  a  large 
representation  of  colored  men — all  from  non-Republican  States,  the 
virtue  of  Republicans  of  the  Republican  States  taking  only  the  form  of 
'  trying  to  make  the  Democratic  States  be  good.  The  colored  delegates 

all  came  from  the  States  that  never  cast  a  Republican  electoral 
vote,  that  never  elected  a  colored  man  to  office,  where,  largely  owing 
to  the  action  persisted  in  for  forty-five  years  by  the  Republican 
Party,  the  colored  man  as  a  matter  of  fact  gradually  has  lost  all 
his  political  rights,  so  that  the  old  policy  of  attempting  to  impose 
on  the  Southern  States  from  without  a  certain  rule  of  conduct  toward 
the  negro  has  in  fact  broken  down.  And,  friends,  I  regret  to  say 
that  every  man  who  has  ever  been  to  a  National  Convention  knows 
that  the  character  of  a  great  majority  of  the  colored  delegates  from 
the  South  was  such  as'to  reflect  discredit  upon  the  Republican  Party 
and  upon  the  race  itself. 

Now,  as  soon  as  the  Progressive  Party  was  formed  I  at  once 
set  about,  as  many  other  men  in  different  States  did,  securing  from 
the  Northern  States  themselves  an  ample  recognition  of  the  colored 
man  in  these  States,  so  that  as  a  matter  of  fact  there  is  in  this  Con- 
vention a  representation  from  the  Republican  States  of  colored  men 
such  as  there  never  has  been  before  anything  like  in  any  convention 
in  the  country.     And  more  than  that,  a  representation  of  colored 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


men  who  in  point  of  character,  intelligence,  and  good  citizenship 
stand  on  an  exact  equality  with  any  of  the  whites  among  whom 
they  sit.  That  is  what  the  Progressives  have  finally  succeeded  in 
doing  in  the  North.  We  have  done  it  by  simply  encouraging  the  best 
men  in  the  North  to  act  squarely  by  the  colored  men,  as  they  would 
by  the  white  men.  We  have  not  done  it  by  trying  to  dragoon  the 
white  men  into  that  action.  The  other  system  of  trying  to  force  in 
the  far  Southern  States  conditions  that  we  cannot  make  exist  there 
has  failed.  I  propose  to  take  toward  the  Southern  States  the  exact 
attitude  that  we  take  to  West  Virginia  and  Maryland.  And  I  be- 
lieve that  adopting  that  action  we  shall  naturally  and  spontaneously 
see  from  those  Southern  States  a  repetition  of  the  conditions  in 
West  Virginia  and  Maryland,  so  that  in  future  Progressive  Na- 
tional Conventions  you  will  see  colored  delegates  come  from  the 
South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  precisely  as  they  now  come  from 
West  Virginia  and  from  Maryland. 

Now,  friends,  I  hold  that  the  white  man  and  the  colored  man  who 
endeavor  to  make  the  colored  man  discontented  with  what  we  are 
doing  are  the  worst  for  the  colored  race.  I  hold  we  are  standing 
against  the  brutality  of  the  Democracy  and  the  hypocrisy  of  the 
Republicans. 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


The  Three  Platforms  Compared 

THE  TARIFF 


Republican. 
We  reaflBrm  our  belief  in 
a  protective  tariff.  The  Re- 
publican tariff  policy  has 
been  of  the  greatest  benefit 
to  the  country,  developing 
our  resources,  diversifying 
our  industries,  and  protect- 
ing our  workmen  against 
competition  with  cheaper  la- 
bor abroad,  thus  establishing 
for  our  wage-earners  the 
American  standard  of  living. 
The  protective  tariff  is  so 
woven  into  the  fabric  of  our 
industrial  and  agricultural 
life  that  to  substitute  for  it 
a  tariff  for  revenue  only 
would  destroy  many  indus- 
tries and  throw  millions  of 
our  people  out  of  employ- 
ment. The  products  of  the 
farm  and  of  the  mine  should 
receive  the  same  measure  of 
protection  as  other  products 
of  American  labor.  We  hold 
that  the  import  duties  should 
be  high  enough,  while  yield- 
ing a  sufficient  revenue,  to 
protect  adequately  American 
industries  and  wages.  Some 
of  the  existing  import  duties 
are  too  high  and  should  be 
reduced.  Readjustment  would 
be  made  from  time  to  time  to 
conform  to  changed  condi- 
tions and  to  reduce  excessive 
rates,  but  without  injury  to 
any  American  industry.  To 
accomplish  this,  correct  in- 
formation is  indispensable. 
This  iilformation  can  best  be 
obtained  by  an  expert  com- 
mission, as  the  large  volume 
of  useful  facts  contained  in 
the  recent  reports  of  the 
Tariff  Board  has  demonstrat- 
ed the  pronounced  feature  of 
modern  industrial  life  is  its 
enormous  diversification.  To 
apply  tariff  rates  justly  to 
these  changing  conditions  re- 
quires closer  study  and  more 
scientific  methods  than  ever 
before.  The  Republican  party 
has  shown  by  its  creation  of 
the  Tariff  Board,  its  recog- 
nition of  this  situation  and 
its  determination  to  be  equal 
to  it.  We  condemn  the 
Democratic  party  for  its 
failure  either  to  provide 
funds  for  the  continuance  of 
this  board  or  to  make  some 
other  provision  for  securing 
the  information  requisite  for 
intelligent  tariff  Ipgs'ation. 
We  protest  against  the  Demo- 


Democratic. 

We  declare  it  to  be  a  fun- 
damental principle  of  the 
Democratic  party  that  the 
Federal  Government  under 
the  Constitution  has  no  right 
or  power  to  impose  or  col- 
lect tariff  duties,  except  for 
the  purpose  of  revenue,  and 
we  demand  that  the  collec- 
tion of  such  taxes  shall  be 
limited  to  the  necessities  of 
government  honestly  and 
economically  administered. 

The  high  Republican  tariff 
is  the  principal  cause  of 
the  uflequal  distribution  of 
wealth ;  it  is  a  system  of 
taxation  which  makes  the 
rich  richer  and  the  poor 
poorer ;  under  its  operations 
the  American  farmer  and 
laboring  man  are  the  chief 
sufferers;  it  raises  the  cost 
of  the  necessaries  of  life  to 
them,  but  does  not  protect 
their  product  or  wages.  The 
farmer  sells  largely  in  free 
markets  and  buys  almost 
entirely  in  the  protected 
markets.  In  the  most  highly 
protected  industries,  such  as 
cotton  and  wool,  steel  and 
iron,  the  wages  of  the  labor- 
ers are  the  lowest  paid  in 
any  of  our  industries.  We 
denounce  the  Republican  pre- 
tence on  that  subject,  and 
assert  that  American  wages 
are  established  by  competi- 
tive conditions  and  not  by 
the   tariff. 

We  favor  the  immediate 
downward  revision  of  the  ex- 
isting high  and,  in  many 
cases,  prohibitive  tariff  du- 
ties, insisting  that  material 
reductions  be  speedily  made 
upon  the  necessaries  of  life. 
Articles  entering  into  compe- 
tition with  trust-controlled 
products,  and  articles  of 
American  manufacture  which 
are  sold  abroad  more  cheap- 
ly than  at  home,  should  be 
put  upon  the  free  list. 

We  recognize  that  our  sys- 
tem of  tariff  taxation  is  in- 
timately connected  with  the 
business  of  the  country,  and 
we  favor  the  ultimate  attain- 
ment of  the  principles  we 
advocate  by  legislation  that 
will  not  injure  or  destroy 
legitimate  industry. 

We  denounce  the  action  of 
President  Taft  in  vetoing  the 
bills   to  reduce  the   tariff   in 


Progressive. 

We  believe  in  a  protective 
tariff  which  shall  equalize 
conditions  of  competition  be- 
tween the  United  States  and 
foreign  countries,  both  for 
the  farmer  and  the  manufac- 
turer, and  which  shall  main- 
tain for  labor  an  adequate 
standard  of  living.  Pri- 
marily the  benefit  of  any 
tariff  should  be  disclosed  in 
the  pay  envelope  of  the  la- 
borer. We  declare  that  no 
industry  deserves  protection 
which  is  unfair  to  labor  or 
which  is  operating  in  viola- 
tion of  Federal  law.  We  be- 
lieve that  the  presumption  is 
always  in  favor  of  the  con- 
suming public. 

We  demand  tariff  revision 
because  the  present  tariff  is 
unjust  to  the  people  of  the 
United  States.  Fair  dealing 
toward  the  people  requires  an 
immediate  downward  revision 
of  those  schedules  wherein 
duties  are  shown  to  be  unjust 
or  excessive. 

We  pledge  ourselves  to  the 
establishment  of  a  non-par- 
tisan scientific  tariff  commis- 
sion, reporting  both  to  the 
President  and  to  either 
branch  of  Congress,  which 
shall  repoj-t,  first,  as  to  the 
costs  of  production,  efficiency 
of  labor,  capitalization,  in- 
dustrial organization  and  ef- 
ficiency, and  the  general 
competitive  position  in  this 
country  and  abroad  of  in- 
dustries seeking  protection 
from  Congress ;  second,  as  to 
the  revenue-producing  power 
of  the  tariff  and  its  relation 
to  the  resources  of  govern- 
ment, and,  thirdly,  as  to  the 
effect  of  the  tariff  on  prices, 
operations  of  middlemen,  and 
on  the  purchasing  power  of 
the  consumer.  AVe  believe 
that  this  commission  should 
have  plenary  power  to  elicit 
information,  and  for  this 
purpose  to  prescribe  a  uni- 
form system  of  accounting 
for  the  great  protected  in- 
dustries. The  work  of  the 
commission  should  not  pre- 
vent the  innnediate  adoption 
of  acts  reducing  those  sched- 
ules generally  recognized  as 
excessive. 

We  cond'emn  the  Payne- 
Aldrich  bill  as  unjust  to  the 
people. 


Party  Platforms  and  Coxvextions 


Republican. 
cratic    method   of    legislating 
on     these     vitally     important 
subjects   without    careful    in- 
vestigation. 

We  condemn  the  Democrat- 
ic tariff  bills  passed  by  the 
House  of  Representatives  of 
the  Sixty-second  Congress  as 
sectional,  as  injurious  to  the 
public  credit,  and  as  destruc- 
tive of  business  enterprise. 

The  steadily  increasing  cost 
of  living  has  become  a  matter 
not  only  of  national  but  of 
worldwide  concern.  The  fact 
that  it  is  not  due  to  the 
protective  tariff  system  is 
evidenced  by  the  existence  of 
similar  conditions  in  countries 
which  have  a  tariff  policy 
different  from  our  own,  as 
well  as  by  the  fact  that  the 
cost  of  living  has  increased, 
while  rates  of  duty  have  re- 
mained stationary  or  been  re- 
duced. The  Republican  party 
will  support  a  prompt  scien- 
tific inquiry  into  the  causes 
which  are  operative  both  in 
the  United  States  and  else- 
where to  increase  the  cost  of 
living. 

When  the  exact  facts  are 
known,  it  will  take  the  neces- 
sary steps  to  remove  any 
abuses  that  may  be  found  to 
exist,  in  order  that  the  cost 
of  the  food,  clothing,  and 
shelter  of  the  people  may  in 
no  way  be  unduly  or  arti- 
ficially increased. 


THE  TARIFF  (cont'd) 
Democratic. 
the  cotton,  woollen,  metals, 
and  chemical  schedules,  and 
the  Farmers'  Free  List  bill, 
all  of  which  were  designed  to 
give  immediate  relief  to  the 
masses  from  the  exactions  of 
the  trusts. 

The  Republican  party,  while 
promising  tariff  revision,  has 
shown  by  its  tariff  legisla- 
tion that  such  revision  is  not 
to  be  in  the  people's  inter- 
est; and  having  been  faith- 
less to  its  pledges  in  1908,  it 
should  no  longer  enjoy  the 
confidence  of  the  nation.  We 
appeal  to  the  American  peo- 
ple to  support  us  in  our  de- 
mand for  a  tariff  for  rev- 
enue only. 

The  high  cost  of  living  is 
a  serious  problem  in  every 
American  home.  The  Repub- 
lican party,  in  its  platform, 
attempts  to  escape  from  re- 
sponsibility for  present  con- 
ditions by  denying  that  they 
are  due  to  a  protective  tariff. 
We  take  issue  with  them  on 
this  subject  and  charge  that 
excessive  prices  result  in  a 
large  measure  from  the  high 
tariff  laws  enacted  and  main- 
tained by  the  Republican 
party  and  from  trusts  and 
commercial  conspiracies  fos- 
tered and  encouraged  by  such 
laws,  and  we  assert  that  no 
substantial  relief  can  be  se- 
cured for  the  people  until 
import  duties  on  the  neces- 
saries of  life  are  materially 
reduced  and  these  criminal 
conspiracies  broken  up. 


TRUSTS 


Progressive. 

The  Republican  organiza- 
tion is  in  the  hands  of  those 
who  have  broken  and  cannot 
again  be  trusted  to  keep  the 
promise  of  necessary  down- 
ward revision.  The  Demo- 
cratic party  is  committed  to 
the  destruction  of  the  pro- 
tective system  through  a  tar- 
iff for  revenue  only,  a  policy 
which  would  inevitably  pro- 
duce widespread  industrial 
and  commercial  disaster.  We 
demand  the  immediate  repeal 
of  the  Canadian  Reciprocity 
act. 

The  high  cost  of  living  is 
due  partly  to  worldwide  and 
partly  to  local  causes;  partly 
to  natural  and  partly  to  arti- 
ficial causes.  The  measures 
proposed  in  this  platform  on 
various  subjects,  such  as  the 
tariff,  the  trusts,  and  con- 
servation, will  of  themselves 
tend  to  remove  the  arti- 
ficial causes.  There  will 
remain  other  elements,  such 
as  the  tendency  to  leave 
the  country  for  the  city, 
waste,  extravagance,  bad 
system  of  taxation,  poor 
methods  of  raising  crops,  and 
bad  business  methods  in 
marketing  crops.  To  remedy 
these  conditions  requires  the 
fullest  information,  and  based 
on  this  information,  effective 
Government  supervision  and 
control  to  remove  all  the  ar- 
tificial causes.  We  pledge 
ourselves  to  such  full  and 
immediate  inquiry  and  to  im- 
mediate action  to  deal  with 
every  need  such  inquiry  dis- 
closes. 


Republican. 

The  Republican  party  is 
opposed  to  special  privilege 
and  monopoly.  It  placed  on 
the  statute  books  the  Inter- 
state Commerce  act  of  1887 
and  the  important  amend- 
ments thereto,  and  the  Anti- 
Trust  act  of  1890,  and  it  has 
consistently  and  successfully 
enforced  the  provisions  of 
these  laws.  It  will  take  no 
backward  step  to  permit  the 
establishment  in  any  degree 
of  conditions  which  were  in- 
tolerable. 

Experience  makes  it  plain 
that  the  business  of  the 
country  may  be  carried  on 
without  fear  or  without  dis- 
turbance, and  at  the  same 
time  without  resort  to  prac- 
tices which  are  abhorrent  to 
the  common  sense  of  justice. 
The  Republican  party  favors 
the  enactment  of  legislation 
supplementary    to    the    exist- 


Democratic. 

A  private  monopoly  is  in- 
defensible and  intolerable. 
We  therefore  favor  the  vig- 
orous enforcement  of  the 
criminal  as  well  as  the  civil 
law  against  trusts  and  trust 
officials,  and  demand  the 
enactment  of  such  additional 
legislation  as  may  be  neces- 
sary to  make  it  impossible 
for  a  private  monopoly  to  ex- 
ist in  the  United  States. 

We  favor  the  declaration  by 
law  of  the  conditions  upon 
which  corporations  shall  be 
permitted  to  engage  in  inter- 
state trade,  including,  among 
others,  the  pj-evention  of 
holding  companies,  of  inter- 
locking directors,  of  stock 
watering,  of  discrimination  in 
price,  and  the  control  by  any 
one  corporation  of.  so  large 
a  proportion  of  any  industry 
as  to  make  it  a  menace  to 
competitive  conditions. 


Progressive. 

We  believe  that  true  popu- 
lar government,  justice,  and 
prosperity  go  hand  in  hand, 
and,  so  believing,  it  is  our 
purpose  to  secure  that  large 
measure  of  general  prosper- 
ity which  is  the  fruit  of  le- 
gitimate and  honest  business, 
fostered  by  equal  justice  and 
by  sound  progressive  laws. 

We  demand  that  the  test 
of  true  prosperity  shall  be 
the  benefits  conferred  there- 
by on  all  the  citizens,  not 
confined  to  individuals  or 
classes^  and  that  the  test  of 
corporate  efficiency  shall  be 
the  ability  better  to  serve 
the  public ;  that  those  who 
profit  by  control  of  busi- 
ness affairs  shall  justify  that 
profit  and  that  control  by 
sharing  with  the  public  the 
fruits  thereof.  We  therefore 
demand  a  strong  national 
regulation   of   interstate   cor- 


10 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


Republican. 
ing  Anti-Trust  act  which  will 
define  as  criminal  offenses 
those  specific  acts  that  uni- 
formly mark  attempts  to  re- 
strain and  to  monopolize 
trade,  to  the  end  that  those 
who  honestly  •  intend  to  obey 
the  law  may  have  a  guide 
for  their  action  and  that 
those  who  aim  to  violate  the 
law  may  the  more  surely  be 
punished. 

The  same  certainty  should 
be  given  to  the  law  prohibit- 
ing combinations  and  monop- 
olies that  characterizes  other 
provisions  of  commercial  law 
in  order  that  no  part  of  the 
field  of  business  opportunity 
may  be  restricted  by  monop- 
oly or  combination;  that 
business  success  honorably 
achieved  may  not  be  con- 
verted into  crime,  and  that 
the  right  of  every  man  to  ac- 
quire commodities,  and  par- 
ticularly the  necessaries  of 
life,  in  an  open  market,  un- 
influenced by  the  manipula- 
tion of  trust  or  combination, 
may  be  preserved. 


trusts  (cont'd) 

Democratic. 

We  condemn  the  action  of 
the  Republican  Administra 
tion  in  compromising  with 
the  Standard  Oil  Company 
and  the  Tobacco  Trust,  and 
its  failure  to  invoke  the 
criminal  provisions  of  the 
Anti-Trust  law  against  the 
ofiicers  of  those  corporations 
after  the  court  had  declared 
that  from  the  undisputed 
facts  in  the  record  they  had 
violated  the  criminal  pro- 
visions of  the  law. 

We  regret  that  the  Sher- 
man Anti-Trust  law  has  re- 
ceived a  judicial  construc- 
tion depriving  it  of  much  of 
its  efficacy,  and  we  favor 
the  enactment  of  legislation 
which  will  restore  to  the 
statute  the  strength  of  which 
it  has  been  deprived  by  such 
interoretation. 


Progressive. 
porations.  The  corporation 
is  an  essential  part  of  mod- 
ern business.  *  The  con- 
centration of  modern  busi- 
ness in  some  degree  is 
both  inevitable  and  neces- 
sary for  national  and  inter- 
national business  efficiency. 
But  the  existing  concentra- 
tion of  vast  wealth  under  a 
corporate  system,  unguarded 
and  uncontrolled  by  the  na- 
tion, has  placed  in  the  hands 
of  a  few  men  enormous,  se- 
cret, irresponsible  power  over 
the  daily  life  of  the  citizen — 
a  power  insufferable  in  a  free 
government  and  certain  of 
abuse. 

This  power  has  been  abused 
in  monopoly  of  national  re 
sources,  in  stock  watering, 
in  unfair  competition  and 
unfair  privileges,  and  finally 
in  sinister  influences  on  the 
public  agencies  of  State  and 
national  life.  We  do  not  fear 
commercial  power,  but  we 
insist  that  it  shall  be  exer- 
cised openly,  under  publicity, 
supervision,  and  regulation 
of  the  most  efllcient  sort, 
which  will  preserve  its  good, 
while  eradicating  and  pre- 
venting its   evils. 

To  that  end  we  urge  the 
establishment  of  a  strong 
Federal  administrative  com- 
mission of  high  standing 
which  shall  maintain  perma- 
nent, active  supervision  over 
industrial  corporations  en- 
gaged in  interstate  com- 
merce or  such  of  them  as  are 
.of  public  importance,  doing 
for  them  what  the  Govern- 
ment now  does  for  the  na- 
tional banks  and  what  is 
now  done  for  the  railroads 
by  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission.  Such  a  com- 
mission must  enforce  the 
complete  publicity  of  those 
corporate  transactions  which 
are  of  public  interest;  must 
attack  unfair  competition, 
false  capitalization  and  spe-  ■ 
cial  privilege,  and  by  con- 
tinuous trained  watchfulness 
guard  and  keep  open  equally 
to  all  the  highways  of  Amer- 
ican commerce.  Thus  the 
business  man  will  have  cer- 
tain knowledge  of  the  law 
and  will  be  able  to  conduct 
his  business  easily  in  con- 
iformity  therewith;  the  in- 
vestor will  find  security  for 
his  capital,  dividends  will  be 
rendered  more  certain,  and 
the  savings  of  the  people 
will  be  drawn  naturally  and 
safely  into  the  channels  of 
trade. 

Under    such    a    system    of 
constructive     regulation,     le- 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


11 


Republican. 

The  Republican  party  has 
always  stood  for  a  sound  cur- 
rency and  for  safe  banking 
methods.  It  is  responsible 
for  the  resumption  of  specie 
payments,  and  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  gold  stan- 
dard. It  is  committed  to  the 
progressive  development  of 
our  banking  and  currency 
system.  Our  banking  ar- 
rangements to-day  need  fur- 
ther revision  to  meet  the  re- 
quirements of  current  condi- 
tions. We  need  measures 
which  will  prevent  the  recur- 
rence of  money  panics  and 
financial  disturbances,  and 
which  will  promote  the  pros- 
perity of  business  and  the 
welfare  of  labor  by  produc- 
ing  constant   employment. 

We  need  better  currency 
facilities  for  the  movement 
of  crops  in  the  West  and 
South.  We  need  banking  ar- 
rangements under  American 
auspices  for  the  encourage- 
ment and  better  conduct  of 
our  foreign  trade.  In  attain- 
ing these  ends,  the  indepen- 
dence of  individual  banks, 
whether  organized  under 
State  or  national  charters, 
must  be  carefully  protected 
and  our  banking  and  cur- 
rency system  must  be  safe- 
guarded from  any  possibil- 
ity of  domination  by  sec- 
tional, financial,  or  politi- 
cal interests. 

It  is  of  great  importance  to 
the  social  and  economic  wel- 
fare of  this  country  that  its 
farmers  have  facilities  for 
borrowing  easily  and  cheaply 
the  money  they  need  to  in- 
crease the  productivity  of 
their  land.  It  is  as  neces- 
sary that  financial  machin- 
ery be  provided  to  supply  the 
demand  of  farmers  for  cred- 
it as  it  is  that  the  banking 
and  currency  systems  be  re- 
formed in  the  interest  of  gen- 
eral business.  Therefore,  we 
recommend  and  urge  an 
authoritative  investigation  of 
agricultural  credit  societies 
and  corporations  in  other 
countries  and  the  passage 
of  State  and  Federal  laws 
for  the  establishment  and 
capable  supervision  of  organ- 
izations having  for  their  pur- 
pose the  loaning  of  funds 
to  farmers. 


TRUSTS  (cont'd) 


CURRENCY 

Democratic. 

We  oppose  the  so-called 
Aldrich  bill  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  central  bank; 
and  we  believe  our  country 
will  be  largely  freed  from 
panics,  and  consequent  unem- 
ployment and  business  de- 
pression, by  such  a  systemat- 
ic revision  of  our  banking 
laws  as  will  render  tempo- 
rary relief  in  localities  where 
such  relief  is  needed,  with 
protection  from  control  or 
domination  by  what  is  known 
as  the  Money  Trust. 

Banks  exist  for  the  accom- 
modation of  the  public  and 
not  for  the  control  of  busi- 
ness. AH  legislation  on  the 
subject  of  banking  and  cur- 
rency should  have  for  its 
purpose  the  securing  of  these 
accommodations  on  terms  of 
absolute  security  to  the  pub- 
lic and  of  complete  protec- 
tion from  the  misuse  of  the 
power  that  wealth  gives  to 
those  who  possess  it. 

We  condemn  the  present 
methods  of  depositing  Gov- 
ernment funds  in  a  few  fa- 
vored banks  largely  situated 
in  or  controlled  by  Wall 
Street,  in  return  fpr  politi- 
cal favors,  and  we  pledge  our 
party  to  provide  by  law  for 
their  deposit  by  competitive 
bidding  in  the  banking  insti- 
tutions of  the  country,  na- 
tional and  State,  without  dis- 
crimination as  to  locality, 
upon  approved  securities,  and 
subject  to  call  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. 


Progressive. 
gitimate  business,  freed  from 
confusion,  uncertainty,  and 
fruitless  litigation,  will  de- 
velop normally  in  response 
to  the  energy  and  enterprise 
of  the  American  business 
man. 

Progressive. 

We  believe  there  exists 
imperative  need  for  prompt 
legislation  for  the  improve- 
ment of  our  national  cur- 
rency system.  We  believe 
the  present  method  of  issu- 
ing notes  through  private 
agencies  is  harmful  and  un- 
scientific. The  issue  of  cur- 
rency is  fundamentally  a 
government  function,  and  the 
system  should  have  as  basic 
principles  soundness  and  elas- 
ticity. The  control  should 
be  lodged  with  the  Govern- 
ment and  should  be  protect- 
ed from  domination  or  ma- 
nipulation by  W^ll  Street  or 
any  special  interests. 

We  are  opposed  to  the  so- 
called  Aldrich  Currency  bill 
because  its  provisions  would 
place  our  currency  and  credit 
system  in  private  hands  not 
subject  to  effective  public 
control. 


12  Party  Platforms  and  CbxvEXTiONs 


For  President  -  -  WILLIAM  HOWARD  TAFT,  of  Ohio 

For  Vice-President      JAMES  SCHOOLCRAFT  SHERMAN,  of  New  York 


REPUBLICAN  PLATFORM 


The  platform  adopted  by  the  Republican  National  Convention  at  Chicago 
on  June  22,  reads  as  follows : 

Principles  of  Lincoln 

The  Republican  Party,  assembled  by  its  representatives  in  National  Con- 
vention, declares  its  unchanging  faith  in  government  of  the  people,  by  the 
people,  for  the  people.  We  renew'  our  allegiance  to  the  principles  of  the  Re- 
publican Party  and  our  devotion  to  the  cause  of  Republican  institutions  es- 
tablished by  the  fathers. 

It  is  appropriate  that  we  should  now  recall  with  a  sense  of  veneration  and 
gratitude  the  name  of  our  first  great  leader,  who  was  nominated  in  this  city 
and  whose  lofty  principles  and  superb  devotion  to  his  country  are  an  in- 
spiration to  the  party  he  honored — Abraham  Lincoln.  Li  the  present  state 
of  public  affairs  we  should  be  inspired  by  his  broad  statesmanship  and  by 
his  tolerant  spirit  toward  men. 

The  Republican  Party  looks  back  upon  its  record  with  pride  and  satis- 
faction, and  forward  to  its  new  responsibilities  with  hope  and  confidence.  Its 
achievements  in  government  constitute  the  most  luminous  pages  in  our  his- 
tory. Our  greatest  national  advance  has  been  made  during  the  years  of  its 
ascendency  in  public  affairs.  It  has  been  genuineh-  and  always  a  party  of 
progress ;  it  has  never  been  either  stationary  or  reactionary.  It  has  gone 
from  the  fulfillment  of  one  great  pledge  to  the  fulfillment  of  another  in  re- 
sponse to  the  public  need  and  to  the  popular  will. 

We  believe  in  our  self-controlled  representative  democracy,  which  is  a 
government  of  laws,  not  of  men,  and  in  which  order  is  the  pre-requisite  of 
progress. 

The  principles  of  constitutional  government  which  make  provision  for 
orderly  and  effective  expression  of  the  popular  will,  for  the  protection  of 
civil  liberty  and  the  rights  of  men,  and  for  the  interpretation  of  the  law  by  an 
untrammelled  and  independent  judiciary,  have  proved  themselves  capable  of 
sustaining  the  structure  of  a  government  which,  after  more  than  a  century 
of  development,  embraces  one  hundred  millions  of  people,  scattered  over  a 
wide  and  diverse  territory,  but  bound  by  common  purpose,  common  ideals, 
and  common  affection  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  Lender  the 
Constitution  and  the  principles  asserted  and  vitalized  bj'  it,  the  United  States 
has  grown  to  be  one  of  the  great  civilized  and  civilizing  powers  of  the  earth. 


Party  Platforms  and  Convextioxs  13 

T 

It  oflFers  a  home  and  an  opportunity  to  the  ambitious  and  the  industrious 
from  other  lands.  Resting  upon  the  broad  basis  of  a  people's  confidence  and  a 
people's  support,  and  managed  by  the  people  themselves,  the  Government  of 
the  United  States  will  meet  the  problems  of  the  future  as  satisfactorily  as  it 
has  solved  those  of  the  past. 

Proposed  Legislation 

The  Republican  Party  is  now,  as  always,  a  party  of  advanced  and  con- 
structive statesmanship.  It  is  prepared  to  go  forward  with  the  solution 
of  these  new  questions  which  social,  economic  and  political  development  have 
brought  into  the  forefront  of  the  nation's  intei'est.  It  will  strive,  not  only 
in  the  nation,  but  in  the  several  States,  to  enact  the  necessary  legislation  to 
safeguard  the  public  health ;  to  limit  effectively  the  labor  of  women  and  chil- 
dren, to  protect  wage-earners  engaged  in  dangerous  occupations,  to  enact 
comprehensive  and  generous  workmen's  compensation  laws  in  place  of  the 
present  wasteful  and  unjust  system  of  employers'  liability,  and  in  all  possible 
ways  satisfy  the  just  demand  of  the  people  for  the  study  and  solution  of  the 
complex  and  constantly  changing  problems  of  social  welfare. 

In  dealing  with  these  questions  it  is  important  that  the  rights  of  every 
individual  to  the  freest  possible  development  of  his  own  powers  and  resources, 
and  to  the  control  of  his  own  justly  acquired  property,  so  far  as  those  are 
compatible  with  the  rights  of  others,  shall  not  be  interfered  with  or  destroyed. 
The  social  and  political  structure  of  the  United  States  rests  upon  the  civil 
liberty  of  the  individual,  and  for  the  protection  of  that  liberty  the  people 
have  wisely,  in  the  National  and  State  Constitutions,  put  definite  limitations 
upon  themselves  and  upon  their  governmental  officers  and  agencies.  To  en- 
force these  limitations,  to  secure  the  orderly  and  coherent  exercise  of  govern- 
mental powers  and  to  protect  the  rights  of  even  the  humblest  and  least  favored 
individual,  are  the  function  of  independent  courts  of  justice. 

Upholding  the  Courts 

The  Republican  Party  reaffirms  its  intention  to  uphold  at  all  times  the 
authority  and  integrity  of  the  courts,  both  State  and  Federal,  and  it  will 
ever  insist  that  their  powers  to  enforce  their  process  and  to  protect  life, 
liberty  and  property  shall  be  preserved  inviolate.  An  orderly  method  is  pro- 
vided under  our  system  of  government  by  which  the  people  may,  when  they 
choose,  alter  or  amend  the  constitutional  provisions  which  underlie  that  gov- 
ernment. Until  these  constitutional  provisions  are  so  altered  or  amended,  in 
orderly  fashion,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  courts  to  see  to  it  that  when  challenged 
they  are  enforced. 

That  the  courts,  both  Federal  and  State,  may  bear  the  heavy  burden 
laid  upon  them  to  the  complete  satisfaction  of  public  opinion,  we  favor 
legislation  to  prevent  long  delays  and  the  tedious  and  costly  appeals  which 
have  so  often  amounted  to  a  denial  of  justice  in  civil  cases,  and  to  a  failure 
to  protect  the  public  at  large  in  criminal  cases. 


14  Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


Since  the  responsibility  of  the  judiciary  is  so  great,  the  standards  of 
judicial  action  must  be  always  and  everywhere  above  suspicion  and  reproach. 
While  we  regard  the  recall  of  judges  as  unnecessary  and  unwise,  we  favor 
such  action  as  may  be  necessary  to  simplify  the  process  by  which  any  judge 
who  is  found  to  be  derelict  in  his  duty  may  be  removed  from  office. 

Together  with  peaceful  and  orderly  development  at  home,  the  Republi- 
can Party  earnestly  favors  all  measures  for  the  establishment  and  protection 
of  the  peace  of  the  world,  and  for  the  development  of  closer  relations  between 
the  various  nations  of  the  earth.  It  believes  most  earnestly  in  the  peace- 
ful settlement  of  international  disputes  and  in  the  reference  of  all  justifiable 
controversies  between  nations  to  an  international  court  of  justice. 

The  Trusts 

The  Republican  Party  is  opposed  to  special  privilege  and  monopoly.  It 
placed  upon  the  statute  books  the  Interstate  Commerce  Act  of  1887,  and  the 
important  amendments  thereto,  and  the  Anti-Trust  Act  of  1890,  and  it  has 
consistently  and  successfully  enforced  the  provisions  of  these  laws.  It  will 
take  no  backward  step  to  permit  the  re-establishment  in  any  degree  of  con- 
ditions which  were  intolerable. 

Experience  makes  it  plain  that  the  business  of  the  country  may  be  carried 
on  without  fear  or  without  disturbance,  and  at  the  same  time  without  resort 
to  practices  which  are  abhorrent  to  the  common  sense  of  justice.  The  Re- 
publican Party  favors  the  enactment  of  legislation  supplementary  to  the 
existing  Anti-Trust  Act  which  will  define  as  criminal  offences  those  specific 
acts  that  uniformly  mark  attempts  to  restrain  and  to  monopolize  trade,  to 
the  end  that  those  who  honestly  intend  to  obey  the  law  may  have  a  guide 
for  their  action  and  that  those  who  aim  to  violate  the  law  may  the  more 
surely  be  punished.  The  same  certainty  should  be  given  to  the  law  prohibit- 
ing combinations  and  monopolies  that  characterizes  other  provisions  of  com- 
mercial law,  in  order  that  no  part  of  the  field  of  business  opportunity  may 
be  restricted  by  monopoly  or  combination ;  that  business  success  honorably 
achieved  may  not  be  converted  into  crime,  and  that  the  right  of  every  man  to 
acquire  commodities,  and  particularly  the  necessaries  of  life,  in  an  open 
market  uninfluenced  by  the  manipulation  of  trust  or  combination  may  be 
preserved. 

Federal  Trade  Commission 

In  the  enforcement  and  administration  of  Federal  laws  governing  inter- 
state commerce  and  enterprises  impressed  with  a  public  use  engaged  therein, 
there  is  much  that  may  be  committed  to  a  federal  trade  commission,  thus  plac- 
ing in  the  hands  of  an  administrative  board  many  of  the  functions  now 
necessarily  exercised  by  the  courts.  This  will  promote  promptness  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  law  and  avoid  delays  and  technicalities  incident  to  court 
procedure. 


Party  Platforms  and  Coxventioxs  15 

The  Tariff 

We  reaffirm  our  belief  in  a  protective  tariff.  The  Republican  tariff 
policy  has  been  of  the  greatest  benefit  to  the  country,  developing  our  re- 
sources, diversifying  our  industries  and  protecting  our  workmen  against  com- 
petition with  cheaper  labor  abroad,  thus  establishing  for  our  wage-earners 
the  American  standard  of  living.  The  protective  tariff  is  so  woven  into  the 
fabric  of  our  industrial  and  agricultural  life  that  to  substitute  for  it  a 
tariff  for  revenue  only  would  destroy  many  industries  and  throw  millions  of 
our  people  out  of  employment.  The  products  of  the  farm  and  of  the  mine 
should  receive  the  same  measure  of  protection  as  other  products  of  Ameri- 
can labor. 

We  hold  that  the  import  duties  should  be  high  enough  while  yielding  a 
sufficient  revenue  to  protect  adequately  American  industries  and  wages. 
Some  of  the  existing  import  duties  are  too  high,  and  should  be  reduced.  Re- 
adjustment should  be  made  from  time  to  time  to  conform  to  changed  con- 
ditions and  to  reduce  excessive  rates,  but  without  injury  to  any  American  in- 
dustry. To  accomplish  this  correct  information  is  indispensable.  This  inform- 
ation can  best  be  obtained  by  an  expert  commission,  as  the  large  volume  of  use- 
ful facts  contained  in  the  recent  reports  of  the  tariff  board  has  demonstrated 
the  pronounced  feature  of  modern  industrial  life  is  its  enormous  diversification. 
To  apply  tariff  rates  justly  to  these  changing  conditions  requires  closer  study 
and  more  scientific  methods  than  ever  before.  The  Republican  Party  has 
shown  by  its  creation  of  the  tariff  board  its  recognition  of  this  situation  and 
its  determination  to  be  equal  to  it.  We  condemn  the  Democratic  Party 
for  its  failure  either  to  provide  funds  for  the  continuance  of  this  board  or  to 
make  some  other  provision  for  securing  the  information  requisite  for  intelligent 
tariff  legislation.  We  protest  against  the  Democratic  method  of  legislating 
on  these  vitally  important  subjects  without  careful  investigation. 

We  condemn  the  Democratic  tariff  bills  passed  by  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  Sixty-second  Congress,  as  sectional,  as  injurious  to  the 
public  credit  and  as  destructive  of  business  enterprise. 

Cost  of  Living 

The  steadily  increasing  cost  of  living  has  become  a  matter  not  only  of 
national,  but  of.  world-wide  concern.  The  fact  that  it  is  not  due  to  the 
protective  tariff  system  is  evidenced  by  the  existence  of  similar  conditions  in 
countries  which  have  a  tariff  policy  different  from  our  own,  as  well  as  by 
the  fact  that  the  cost  of  living  has  increased,  while  rates  of  duty  have  re- 
mained stationary  or  been  reduced. 

The  Republican  Party  will  support  a  prompt  scientific  inquiry  into  the 
causes  which  are  operative  both  in  the  United  States  and  elsewhere  to  in- 
crease the  cost  of  living.  When  the  exact  facts  are  known  it  will  take  the 
necessary  steps  to  remove  any  abuses  that  may  be  found  to  exist,  in  order  that 
the  cost  of  the  food,  clothing  and  shelter  of  the  people  may  in  no  way  be 
unduly  or  artificially  increased. 


16  Party  Platforms  and  Coxventions 


Banking  and  Currency 

The  Republican  Part^^  has  always  stood  for  a  sound  currency'  and  for 
safe  banking  methods.  It  is  responsible  for  the  resumption  of  specie  pay- 
ments, and  for  the  establishment  of  the  gold  standard.  It  is  committed  to 
the  progressive  development  of  our  banking  and  currency  system.  Our 
banking  arrangements  to-day  need  further  revision  to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  current  conditions.  We  need  measures  which  will  prevent  the  re- 
currence of  money  panics  and  financial  disturbances,  and  which  will  promote 
the  prosperity  of  business  and  the  welfare  of  labor  by  producing  constant  em- 
ployment. 

We  need  better  currency  facilities  for  the  movement  of  crops  in  the  West 
and  South.  We  need  banking  arrangements  under  American  auspices  for 
the  encouragement  and  better  conduct  of  our  foreign  trade.  In  attaining 
these  ends  the  independence  of  individual  banks,  whether  organized  under 
National  or  State  charters,  must  be  carefully  protected,  and  our  banking  and 
currency  system  must  be  safeguarded  from  any  possibility  of  domination  by 
sectional,  financial  or  political  interests. 

It  is  of  great  importance  to  the  social  and  economic  welfare  of  this 
country  that  its  farmers  have  facilities  for  borrowing  easily  and  cheaply 
the  money  they  need  to  increase, the  productivity  of  their  land.  It  is  as  im- 
portant that  financial  machinery  be  provided  to  supply  the  demand  of  farmers 
for  credit,  as  it  is  that  the  banking  and  currency  systems  be  reformed  in  the 
interest  of  general  business.  Therefore  we  recommend  and  urge  an  authori- 
tative investigation  of  agricultural  credit  societies  and  corporations  in  other 
countries,  and  the  passage  of  State  and  Federal  laws  for  the  establishment 
and  capable  supervision  of  organizations  having  for  their  purpose  the  loaning 

of  funds  to  farmers.  ...  .  * 

The  Civil  Service 

We  reaffirm  our  adherence  to  the  principle  of  appointment  to  public  office 
based  on  proved  fitness  and  tenure  during  good  behavior  and  efficiency. 

The  Republican  Party  stands  committed  to  the  maintenance,  extension 
and  enforcement  of  the  civil  service  law,  and  it  favors  the  passage  of  legis- 
lation empowering  the  President  to  extend  the  competitive  service  so  far  as 
practicable.  We  favor  legislation  to  make  possible  the  equitable  retirement 
of  disabled  and  superannuated  members  of  the  civil  service,  in  order  that  a 
higher  standard  of  efficiency  may  be  maintained. 

We  favor  the  amendment  of  the  Federal  employees'  liability  law  so  as 
to  extend  its  provisions  to  all  Government  employees  as  well  as  to  provide  a 
more  liberal  scale  of  compensation  for  injury  and  death. 

Campaign  Contributions 

We  favor  such  additional  legislation  as  may  be  necessary  more  effectually 
to  prohibit  corporations  from  contributing  funds,  directly  or  indirectly',  to 
campaigns  for  the  nomination  or  election  of  the  President,  the  Vice-President, 
Senators  and  Representatives  in  Congress. 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions  17 

We  heartily  approve  the  recent  act  of  Congress,  requiring  the  fullest 
publicity  in  regard  to  all  campaign  contributions  whether  made  in  connection 
with  primaries,  conventions  or  elections. 

Conservation  Policy 

We  rejoice  in  the  success  of  the  distinctive  Republican  policy  of  the 
conservation  of  our  national  resources,  for  their  use  by  the  people  without 
waste  and  without  monopoly.  We  pledge  ourselves  to  a  continuance  of  such 
a  polic3% 

We  favor  such  fair  and  reasonable  rules  and  regulations  as  will  not  dis- 
courage or  interfere  with  actual  bona-fide  home-seekers,  prospectors  and 
miners  in  the  acquisition  of  public  lands  under  existing  laws. 

In  the  interest  of  the  general  public,  and  particularly  of  the  agricultural 
or  rural  communities,  we  favor  legislation  looking  to  the  establishment,  under 
proper  regulations,  of  a  parcels  post,  the  postal  rates  to  be  graduated  under 
a  zone  similar  in  proportion  to  the  length  of  carriage. 

Protection  of  American  Citizenship 

We  approve  the  action  taken  by  the  President  and  the  Congress  to  secure 
with  Russia,  as  with  other  countries,  a  treaty  that  will  recognize  the  absolute 
right  of  expatriation,  and  that  will  prevent  all  discrimination  of  whatever 
kind  between  American  citizens,  whether  native  born  or  alien,  and  regardless 
of  race,  religion  or  previous  political  allegiance.  The  right  of  asylum  is  a 
precious  possession  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  and  is  to  be  neither  sur- 
rendered nor  restricted. 

The  Navy 

We  believe  in  the  maintenance  of  an  adequate  navy  for  the  national  de- 
fence, and  we  condemn  the  action  of  the  Democratic  House  of  Representatives 
in  refusing  to  authorize  the  construction  of  additional  ships. 

Merchant  Marine 

We  believe  that  one  of  the  country's  most  urgent  needs  is  a  revived  mer- 
chant marine.  There  should  be  American  ships,  and  plenty  of  them,  to  make 
use  of  the  great  American  inter-oceanic  canal  now  nearing  completion. 

Mississippi  Floods 

The  Mississippi  river  is  the  nation's  drainage  ditch.  Its  flood  waters, 
gathered  from  thirty-one  States  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  constitute  an 
overpowering  force  which  breaks  the  levees  and  pours  its  torrents  over  many 
million  acres  of  the  richest  land  in  the  Union,  stopping  mails,  impeding  com- 
merce, and  causing  great  loss  of  life  and  property.  These  floods  are  national 
in  scope  and  the  disasters  they  produce  seriously  affect  the  general  welfare. 
The  States,  unaided,  cannot  cope  with  the  giant  problem ;  hence  we  believe 
the  Federal  Government  should  assume  a  fair  proportion  of  the  burden  of  its 
control  so  as  to  prevent  the  disasters  from  recurring  floods. 


18  Party  Platforms  and  Coxvextioxs 

Reclamation 

We  favor  the  continuance  of  the  policy  of  the  Government  with  regard 
to  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands,  and  for  the  encouragement  of  the  speedy 
settlement  and  improvement  of  such  lands  we  favor  an  amendment  to  the 
law  that  will  reasonably  extend  the  time  within  which  the  cost  of  any  reclam- 
ation project  may  be  repaid  by  the  land  owners  under  it. 

Rivers  and  Harbors 

We  favor  a  liberal  and  systematic  policy  for  the  improvement  of  our 
rivers  and  harbors.  Such  improvements  should  be  made  upon  expert  in- 
formation and  after  a  careful  comparison  of  cost  and  prospective  benefits. 

Alaska 

We  favor  a  liberal  policy  toward  Alaska  to  promote  the  development  of 
the  great  resources  of  that  district,  with  such  safeguards  as  will  prevent  waste 
and  monopoly. 

We  favor  the  opening  of  the  coal  lands  to  development  through  a  law 
leasing  the  lands  on  such  terms  as  will  invite  development  and  provide  fuel 
for  the  navy  and  the  commerce  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  while  retaining  title  in 
the  United  States  to  prevent  monopoly. 

Porto  Rico 

We  ratify  in  all  its  particulars  the  platform  of  1908  respecting  citizen- 
ship for  the  people  of  Porto  Rico. 

Philippine  Policy 

The  Philippine  policy  of  the  Republican  Part}'  has  been  and  is  inspired 
by  the  belief  that  our  duty  toward  the  Filipino  people  is  a  national  obligation 
which  should  remain  entirely  free  from  partisan  politics. 

Immigration 

We  pledge  the  Republican  Party  to  the  enactment  of  appropriate  laws 
to  give  relief  from  the  constantly  growing  evil  of  induced  or  undesirable 
immigration,  which  is  inimical  to  the  progress  and  welfare  of  the  people  of 
the  United  States.  .„;  .^ 

Safety  at  Sea 

We  favor  the  speedy  enactment  of  laws  to  provide  that  seamen  shall 
not  be  compelled  to  endure  involuntary  servitude,  and  that  life  and  prop- 
erty shall  be  safeguarded  by  the  ample  equipment  of  vessels  with  lifesaving 
appliances  and  with  full  complements  of  skilled,  able-bodied  seamen  to  operate 
them. 

Republican  Accomplishment 

The  approaching  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal,  the  establishment 
of  a  bureau  of  mines,  the  institution  of  postal  savings  banks,  the  increased 


Party  Platforms  and  Coxventioxs  19 

provision  made  in  1912  for  the  aged  and  infinn  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the 
Republic  and  for  their  widows,  and  the  vigorous  administration  of  the  laws 
relating  to  pure  food  and  drugs,  all  mark  the  successful  progress  of 
Republican  administration,  and  are  additional  evidence  of  its  effectiveness. 

Economy  in  Government 

We  commend  the  earnest  effort  of  the  Republican  administration  to 
secure  greater  economy  and  increased  efficienc}'^  in  the  conduct  of  government 
business.  Extravagant  appropriations  and  the  creation  of  unnecessary  offices 
are  an  injustice  to  the  taxpayer  and  a  bad  example  to  the  citizen. 

Civic  Duty 

We  call  upon  the  people  to  quicken  their  interest  in  public  affairs,  to 
condemn  and  punish  lynchings  and  other  forms  of  lawlessness,  and  to 
strengthen  in  all  possible  ways  a  respect  for  law  and  the  observance  of  it. 
Indifferent  citizenship  is  an  evil  from  which  the  law  affords  no  adequate  pro- 
tection, and  for  which  legislation  can  provide  no  remedy. 

Arizona  auid  New  Mexico 

We  congratulate  the  people  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  upon  the  ad- 
mission of  those  States,  thus  merging  in  the  Union  in  final  and  endirring  form 
the  last  remaining  portion  of  our  continental  territory. 

Republican  Administration 

We  challenge  successful  criticism  of  the  sixteen  years  of  Republican  ad- 
ministration under  Presidents  McKinley,  Roosevelt  and  Taft.  We  heartily 
reaffirm  the  endorsement  of  President  McKinley,  contained  in  the  platforms 
of  1900  and  of  1904,  and  that  of  President  Roosevelt,  contained  in  the  plat- 
forms of  1904  and  1908. 

We  invite  the  intelligent  judgment  of  the  American  people  upon  the  ad- 
ministration of  William  H.  Taft.  The  country  has  prospered  and  been  at 
peace  under  his  presidency.  During  the  years  in  which  he  had  the  co-opera- 
tion of  a  Republican  Congress,  an  unexampled  amount  of  constructive  legisla- 
tion was  framed  and  passed  in  the  interest  of  the  people  and  in  obedience 
to  their  wish.  That  legislation  is  a  record  on  which  any  administration 
might  appeal  with  confidence  to  the  favorable  judgment  of  history. 

We  appeal  to  the  American  electorate  upon  the  record  of  the  Republican 
Party  and  upon  this  declaration  of  its  principles  and  purposes.  We  are  con- 
fident that  under  the  leadership  of  the  candidates  here  to  be  nominated  our 
appeal  will  not  be  in  vain ;  that  the  Republican  Party  will  meet  every  just  ex- 
pectation of  the  people  whose  servant  it  is ;  that  under  its  administration 
and  its  laws  our  nation  will  continue  to  advance ;  that  peace  and  pros- 
perity will  abide  with  the  people,  and  that  new  glory  will  be  added  to 
the  great  Republic. 


20  Party  Platforms  and  Coxvextioxs 


For  President         -  -  WOODROW  WILSON,  of  New  Jersey 

For  Vice-President  -  THOMAS  R.  MARSHALL,  of  Indiana 


DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM 


Following  is  the  full  text  of  the  National  Demorcatic  Platform,  adopted 
at  the  Baltimore  Convention  on  July  2: 

Principles  of  Jefferson 

We,  the  representatives  of  the  Democratic  party  of  the  United  States, 
in  National  Convention  assembled,  reaffirm  our  devotion  to  the  principles  of 
Democratic  government  formulated  by  Thomas  Jefferson  and  enforced  by  a 
long  and  illustrious  line  of  Democratic  Presidents. 

The  Tariff 

We  declare  it  to  be  a  fundamental  principle  of  the  Democratic  Party 
that  the  Federal  Government  under  the  Constitution  has  no  right  or  power 
to  impose  or  collect  tariff  duties,  except  for  the  purpose  of  revenue,  and 
we  demand  that  the  collection  of  such  taxes  shall  be  limited  to  the  necessities 
of  government  honestly  and  economically  administered. 

The  high  Republican  tariff  is  the  principal  cause  of  the  unequal  dis- 
tribution of  wealth;  it  is  a  system  of  taxation  which  makes  the  rich  richer 
and  the  poor  poorer;  under  its  operations  the  American  farmer  and  labor- 
ing man  are  the  chief  sufferers ;  it  raises  the  cost  of  the  necessaries  of  life 
to  them  but  decs  not  protect  their  product  or  wages.  The  farmer  sells 
largely  in  free  markets  and  buys  almost  entirely  in  the  protected  markets. 
In  the  most  highly  protected  industries,  such  as  cotton  and  wool,  steel  and 
iron,  the  wages  of  the  laborers  are  the  lowest  paid  in  any  of  our  industries. 
We  denounce  the  Republican  pretence  on  that  subject  and  assert  that  Ameri- 
can wages  are  established  by  competitive  conditions  and  not  by  the  tariff. 

We  favor  the  immediate  downward  revision  of  the  existing  high  and  in 
many  cases  prohibitive  tariff  duties,  insisting  that  material  reductions  be 
speedily  made  upon  the  necessaries  of  hfe.  Articles  entering  into  com- 
petition with  trust-controlled  products  and  articles  of  American  manu- 
facture which  are  sold  abroad  more  cheaply  than  at  home  should  be  put 
upon  the  free  list. 

We  recognize  that  our  system  of  tariff  taxation  is  intimately  connected 
with  the  business  of  the  country  and  we  favor  the  ultimate  attainment  of  the 
principles  we  advocate  by  legislation  that  will  not  injure  or  destroy  legiti- 
mate industry. 

We  denounce  the  action  of  President  Taft  in  vetoing  the  bills  to  reduce 
the  tariff  in   the   cotton,  woollen,  metals   and   chemical   schedules   and   the 


Party  Platforms  axd  Conventions  21 

Farmers'  Free  List  Bill,  all  of  which  were  designed  to  give  immediate  relief 
to  the  masses  from  the  exactions  of  the  trusts. 

The  Republican  party,  while  promising  tariff  revision,  has  shown  by  its 
tariff  legislation  that  such  revision  is  not  to  be  in  the  people's  interest; 
and  having  been  faithless  to  its  pledges  of  1908,  it  should  no  longer  enjoy 
the  confidence  of  the  nation.  We  appeal  to  the  American  people  to  sup- 
port us  in  our  demand  for  a  tariff  for  revenue  only. 

Cost  of  Living 

The  high  cost  of  living  is  a  serious  problem  in  every  American  home. 
Tlie  Republican  party,  in  its  platform,  attempts  to  escape  from  responsi- 
bility for  present  conditions  by  denying  that  they  are  due  to  a  protective 
tariff.  We  take  issue  with  them  on  this  subject  and  charge  that  ex- 
cessive prices  result  in  a  large  measure  from  the  high  tariff  laws  enacted 
and  maintained  by  the  Republican  party  and  from  trusts  and  commercial 
conspiracies  fostered  and  encouraged  by  such  laws,  and  we  assert  that  no  sub- 
stantial relief  can  be  secured  for  the  people  until  import  duties  on  the  neces- 
saries of  life  are  materially  reduced  and  these  criminal  conspiracies  broken 

up. 

The  Trusts 

A  private  monopoly  is  indefensible  and  intolerable.  We  therefore  favor 
the  vigorous  enforcement  of  the  criminal  as  well  as  the  civil  law  against 
trusts  and  trust  officials,  and  demand  the  enactment  of  such  additional 
legislation  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  it  impossible  for  a  private  monopoly 
to  exist  in  the  United  States. 

We  favor  the  declaration  by  law  of  the  conditions  upon  which  corpora- 
tions shall  be  permitted  to  engage  in  interstate  trade,  including,  among 
others,  the  prevention  of  holding  companies,  of  interlocking  directors,  of 
stock  watering,  of  discrin\ination  in  price,  and  the  control  by  any  one  cor- 
poration of  so  large  a  proportion  of  any  industry  as  to  make  it  a  menace 
to  competitive  conditions. 

We  condemn  the  action  of  the  Republican  Administration  in  com- 
promising with  the  Standard  Oil  Compan}^  and  the  Tobacco  Trust,  and  its 
failure  to  invoke  the  criminal  provisions  of  the  Anti-Trust  Law  against  the 
officers  of  those  corporations  after  the  court  had  declared  that  from  the 
undisputed  facts  in  the  record  they  had  violated  the  criminal  provisions  of 
the  law. 

We  regret  that  the  Sherman  Anti-Trust  Law  has  received  a  judicial  con- 
struction depriving  it  of  much  of  its  efficacy,  and  we  favor  the  enactment 
of  legislation  which  will  restore  to  the  statute  the  striength  of  which  it  has 
been  deprived  by  such  interpretation. 

Rights  of  States 

We  believe  in  the  preservation  and  maintenance  in  their  full  strength 
and  integrity  of  the  three  co-ordinate  branches  of  the  Federal  Government — 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


the  Executive,  the  Legislative,  and  the  Judicial — each  keeping  within  its 
own  bounds,  and  not  encroaching  upon  the  just  powers  of  either  of  the 
others. 

Beheving  that  the  most  efficient  results  under  our  system  of  government 
are  to  be  attained  by  the  full  exercise  by  the  States  of  their  reserved  sov- 
ereign powers,  we  denounce  as  usurpation  the  efforts  of  our  opponents  to 
deprive  the  States  of  any  of  the  rights  reserved  to  them,  and  to  enlarge  and 
magnify  by  indirection  the  powers  of  the  Federal  Government. 

We  insist  upon  the  full  exercise  of  all  the  powers  of  the  Government, 
both  State  and  National,  to  protect  the  people  from  injustice  at  the  hands 
of  those  who  seek  to  make  the  Government  a  private  asset  in  business. 
There  is  no  twilight  zone  between  the  Nation  and  State  in  which  exploiting 
interests  can  take  refuge  from  both.  It  is  as  necessary  that  the  Federal 
Government  shall  exercise  the  powers  delegated  to  it  as  it  is  that  the  States 
shall  exercise  the  powers  reserved.to  them,  but  we  insist  that  Federal  remedies 
for  the  regulation  of  interstate  commerce  and  for  the  prevention  of  private 
monopoly  shall  be  added  to  and  not  substituted  for  State  remedies. 

Income  Tax,  Election  of  Senators 

We  congratulate  the  country  upon  the  triumph  of  two  important  reforms 
demanded  in  the  last  national  platform,  namely,  the  amendment  of  the 
Federal  Constitution  authorizing  an  income  tax  and  the  amendment  pro- 
viding for  the  popular  election  of  Senators,  and  we  call  upon  the  people  of 
all  the  States  to  rally  to  the  support  of  the  pending  propositions  and 
secure  their  ratification. 

Campaign  Publicity 

We  note  with  gratification  the  unanimous  sentiment  in  favor  of  pub- 
licity, before  the  election,  of  campaign  contributions,  a  measure  demanded 
in  our  national  platform  of  1908,  and  at  that  time  opposed  by  the  Republi- 
can party,  and  we  commend  the  Democratic  House  of  Representatives  for 
extending  the  doctrine  of  publicity  to  recommendations,  verbal  and  written, 
upon  which  Presidential  appointments  are  made,  to  the  ownership  and  con- 
trol of  newspapers  and  to  the  expenditures  made  by  aiK?  in  behalf  of  those 
who  aspire  to  Presidential  nominations,  and  we  point  for  additional 
justification  for  this  legislation  to  the  enormous  expenditures  of  money  in 
behalf  of  the  President  and  his  predecessor  in  the  recent  contest  for  the  Re- 
publican nomination  for  President. 

Presidential  Primaries 

The  movement  toward  more  popular  government  should  be  promoted 
through  legislation  in  each  State  which  will  permit  the  expression  of  the 
preference  of  the  electors, for  national  candidates  at  Presidential  primaries. 

We  direct  that  the  National  Committee  incorporate  in  the  call  for  the 
next  nominating  convention  a  requirement  that  all  expressions  of  preference 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions  23 

for  Presidential  candidates  shall  be  given  and  the  selection  of  delegates  and 
alternates  be  made  through  a  primary  election  conducted  by  the  party 
organization  of  each  State  where  such  expression  and  election  are  not  pro- 
vided for  by  State  law.  Committeemen  who  are  hereafter  to  constitute  the 
membership  of  the  Democratic  National  Committee  and  whose  election  is  not 
provided  for  by  law  shall  be  chosen  in  each  State  at  such  primary  elections, 
and  the  service  and  authority  of  committeemen,  however  chosen,  shall  begin 
immediately  upon  the  receipt  of  their  credentials  respectively. 

Campaign  Contributions 

We  pledge  the  Democratic  party  to  the  enactment  of  a  law  prohibiting 
any  corporation  from  contributing  to  a  campaign  fund  and  any  individual 
from  contributing  any  amount  above  a  reasonable  maximum. 

Term  of  President 

We  favor  a  single  Presidential  term,  and  to  that  end  urge  the  adoption 
of  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  making  the  President  of  the  United 
States  ineligible  for  re-election,  and  we  pledge  the  candidate  of  this  conven- 
tion to  this  principle. 

Democratic  Congress 

At  this  time,  when  the  Republican  party,  after  a  generation  of  unlimited 
power  in  its  control  of  the;  Federal  Government,  is  rent  into  factions,  it  is 
opportune  to  point  to  the  record  of  accomplishment  of  the  Democratic  House 
of  Representatives  in  the  Sixty-second  Congress.  We  indorse  its  action  and 
we  challenge  comparison  of  its  record  with  that  of  any  Congress  which  has 
been  controlled  by  our  opponents. 

We  call  the  attention  of  the  patriotic  citizens  of  our  country  to  its  record 
of  efficiency,  economy  and  constructive  legislation. 

It  has,  among  other  achievements,  revised  the  rules  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  so  as  to  give  to  the  representatives  of  the  American  people 
freedom  of  speech  and  of  action  in  advocating,  proposing  and  perfecting 
remedial  legislation. 

It  has  passed  bills  for  the  relief  of  the  people  and  the  development  of 
our  country ;  it  has  endeavored  to  revise  the  tariff  taxes  downward  in  the 
interest  of  the  consuming  masses,  and  thus  reduce  the  high  cost  of  living. 

It  has  proposed  an  amendment  to  the  Federal  Constitution,  providing 
for  the  election  of  United  States  Senators  by  the  direct  vote  of  the  people. 

It  has  secured  the  admission  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  as  two  sov- 
ereign States. 

It  has  required  the  publicity  of  campaign  expenses  both  before  and  after 
election  and  fixed  a  limit  upon  the  election  expenses  of  United  States  Sen- 
ators and  Representatives. 

It  has  also  passed  a  bill  to  prevent  the  abuse  of  the  writ  of  injunction. 


24  Party  Platforms  and  Coxventiox! 


It  has  passed  a  laAV  establishing  an  eight-hour  day  for  workmen  on  all 
national  public  work. 

It  has  passed  a  resolution  which  forced  the  President  to  take  immediate 
steps  to  abrogate  the  Russian  treat}-. 

And  it  has  passed  the  great  supplj^  bills  which  lessen  waste  and  ex- 
travagance and  which  reduce  the  annual  expenses  of  the  Government  bv 
many  millions  of  dollars. 

National  Defense 

We  approve  the  measure  reported  by  the  Democratic  leaders  in  the 
House  of  Representatives  for  the  creation  of  a  Council  of  National  Defense 
which  will  determine  a  definite  naval  programme  with  a  view  to  increased 
efficiency  and  economy.  The  party  that  proclaimed  and  has  always  enforced 
the  Monroe  Doctrine  and  was  sponsor  for  the  new  navy  will  continue  faith- 
fully to  observe  the  Constitutional  requirements  to  provide  and  maintain  an 
adequate  and  well  proportioned  navy  sufficient  to  defend  American  policies, 
protect  our  citizens  and  uphold  the  honor  and  dignity  of  the  nation. 

Republican  Extravagance 

We  denounce  the  profligate  waste  of  the  money  wrung  from  the  people 
by  oppressive  taxation  through  the  lavish  appropriations  of  recent  Repub- 
lican Congresses,  which  have  kept  taxes  high  and  reduced  the  purchasing 
power  of  the  people's  toil.  We  demand  a  return  to  that  simplicity  and 
economy  which  befits  a  democratic  government  and  a  reduction  in  the  num- 
ber of  useless  offices,  the  salaries  of  which  drain  the  substance  of  the  people. 

Railroads,  Express,  Telegraph  and  Telephone  Companies 

We  favor  the  efficient  supervision  and  rate  regulation  of  railroads,  ex- 
press companies,  telegraph  and  telephone  lines  engaged  in  interstate  com- 
merce. To  this  end  we  recommend  the  valuation  of  railroads,  express 
companies,  telegraph,  and  telephone  lines  by  the  Interstate  Commerce  Com- 
mission, such  valuation  to  take  into  consideration  the  physical  value  of  the 
property,  the  original  cost,  the  cost  of  reproduction,  and  any  element  of 
value  that  will  render  the  valuation  fair  and  just. 

We  favor  such  legislation  as  will  effectually  prohibit  the  railroads,  ex- 
press, telegraph  and  telephone  companies  from  engaging  in  business  which 
brings  them  into  competition  with  their  shippers  or  patrons;  also  legislation 
preventing  the  overissue  of  stocks  and  bonds  by  interstate  railroads,  express 
companies,  telegraph  and  telephone  lines,  and  legislation  whicli  will  assure 
such  reduction  in  transportation  rates  as  conditions  will  permit,  care  being 
taken  to  avoid  reduction  that  would  compel  a  reduction  of  wages,  prevent 
adequate  service,  or  do  injustice  to  legitimate  investments. 

Banking  Legislation 

We  oppose  the  so-called  Aldrich  Bill  for  the  establishment  of  a  central 
bank,  and  we  believe  our  country  will  be  largely  freed  from  panics  and  con- 


Party  Platforms  and  CoxyeN'tioxs  25 

sequent  unemployment  and  business  depression  by  such  a  systematic  revision 
of  our  banking  laws  as  will  render  temporary  relief  in  localities  where  such 
relief  is  needed,  with  protection  from  control  or  domination  by  what  is  known 
as  the  Money  Trust. 

Banks  exist  for  the  accommodation  of  the  public  and  not  for  the  con- 
trol of  business.  All  legislation  on  the  subject  of  banking  and  currency 
should  have  for  its  purpose  the  securing  of  these  accommodations  on  terms 
of  absolute  security  to  the  public  and  of  complete  protection  from  the  misuse 
of  the  power  that  wealth  gives  to  those  who  possess  it. 

We  condemn  the  present  methods  of  depositing  Government  funds  in  a 
few  favored  banks,  largely  situated  in  or  controlled  by  Wall  Street,  in  re- 
turn for  political  favors,  and  we  pledge  our  party  to  provide  by  law  for 
their  deposit  by  competitive  bidding  in  the  banking  institutions  of  the  coun- 
try. National  and  State,  without  discrimination  as  to  locality,  upon  approved 
securities  and  subject  to  call  by  the  Government. 

Rural  Credits 

Of  equal  importance  with  the  question  of  currency  reform  is  the  ques- 
tion of  rural  credits  or  agricultural  finance.  Therefore  we  recommend  that 
an  investigation  of  agricultural  credit  societies  in  foreign  countries  be  made, 
so  that  it  may  be  ascertained  whether  a  system  of  rural  credits  may  be  de- 
vised suitable  to  conditions  in  the  United  States ;  and  we  also  favor  legis- 
lation permitting  national  banks  to  loan  a  reasonable  proportion  of  their 
funds  on  real  estate  security. 

We  recognize  the  value  of  vocational  education  and  urge  Federal  ap- 
propriations for  such  1:raining  and  extension  teaching  in  agriculture  in  co- 
operation with  the  several  States. 

Waterways 

We  renew  the  declaration  in  our  last  platform  relating  to  the  conserva- 
tion of  our  natural  resources  and  the  development  of  our  waterways.  The 
present  devastation  of  the  Lower  Mississippi  Valley  accentuates  the  move- 
ment for  the  regulation  of  river  flow  by  additional  bank  and  levee  protection 
below,  and  the  diversion,  storage  and  control  of  the  flood  waters  above,  and 
their  utilization  for  beneficial  purposes  in  the  reclamation  of  arid  and  swamp 
lands  and  the  development  of  water  power,  instead  of  permitting  the  floods 
to  continue,  as  heretofore,  agents  of  destruction. 

We  hold  that  the  control  of  the  Mississippi  River  is  a  national  problem. 
The  preservation  of  the  depth  of  its  water  for  the  purpose  of  navigation, 
the  building  of  levees  to  maintain  the  integrity  of  its  channel  and  the  pre- 
vention of  the  overflow  of  the  land  and  its  consequent  devastation,  resulting 
in  the  interruption  of  interstate  commerce,  the  disorganization  of  the  mail 
service  and  the  enormous  loss  of  life  and  property,  impose  an  obligation 
which  alone  can  be  discharged  by  the  general  government. 


26  Party  Platforms  and  Conventioxs 


To  maintain  an  adequate  depth  of  water  the  entire  year  and  thereby  en- 
courage water  transportation,  is  a  consummation  worthy  of  legislative  at- 
tention and  presents  an  issue  national  in  its  character.  It  calls  for  prompt 
action  on  the  part  of  Congress,  and  the  Democratic  Party  pledges  itself  to 
the  enactment  of  legislation  leading  to  that  end. 

We  favor  the  co-operation  of  the  United  States  and  the  respective  States 
in  plans  for  the  comprehensive  treatment  of  all  waterways  with  a  view  of 
co-ordinating  plans  for  channel  improvement  with  plans  of  drainage  of  swamp 
and  overflowed  lands,  and  to  this  end  we  favor  the  appropriation  by  the 
Federal  Government  of  sufficient  funds  to  make  surveys  of  such  lands,  to 
develop  plans  for  draining  of  the  same  and  to  supervise  the  work  of  con- 
struction. 

We  favor  the  adoption  of  a  liberal  and  comprehensive  plan  for  the  de- 
velopment and  improvement  of  our  inland  waterways,  with  economy  and 
efficienc}^  so  as  to  permit  their  navigation  by  vessels  of  standard  draught. 

Post  Roads 

Wc  favor  national  aid  to  State  and  local  authorities  in  the  construction 
and  maintenance  of  post  roads. 

Rights  of  Labor 

We  repeat  our  declarations  of  the  platfonn  of  1908  as  follows: 

"The  courts  of  justice  are  the  bulwarks  of  our  liberties  and  we  yield  to 
none  in  our  purpose  to  maintain  their  dignity.  Our  party  has  given  to  the 
bench  a  long  line  of  distinguished  justices  who  have  added  to  the  respect 
and  confidence  in  which  this  department  must  be  jealously  maintained.  We 
resent  the  attempt  of  the  Republican  Party  to  raise  a  false  issue  respecting 
the  judiciary.  It  is  an  unjust  reflection  upon  a  great  body  of  our  citizens 
to  assume  that  they  lack  respect  for  the  courts. 

"It  is  the  function  of  the  courts  to  interpret  the  laws  which  the  people 
enact,  and  if  the  laws  appear  to  work  economic,  social  or  political  injustice, 
it  is  our  duty  to  change  them.  The  only  basis  upon  which  the  integrity  of 
our  courts  can  stand  is  that  of  unswerving  justice  and  protection  of  life, 
personal  liberty  and  property.  As  judicial  processes  may  be  abused,  we 
should  guard  them  against  abuse. 

"Experience  has  proved  the  necessity  of  a  modification  of  the  present 
law  relating  to  injunction,  and  we  reiterate  the  pledges  of  our  platforms  of 
1896  and  1904  in  favor  of  a  measure  which  passed  the  United  States  Senate 
in  1896,  relating  to  contempt  in  Federal  courts  and  providing  for  trial  by 
jury  in  cases  of  indirect  contempt. 

"Questions  of  judicial  practice  have  arisen,  especially  in  connection  with 
industrial  disputes.  We  believe  that  the  parties  to  all  judicial  proceedings 
should  be  treated  with  rigid  impartiality,  and  that  injunctions  should  not  be 
issued  in  any  case  in  which  an  injunction  would  not  issue  if  no  industrial 
dispute  were  involved. 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions  27 

"The  expanding  organization  of  industry  makes  it  essential  that  there 
should  be  no  abridgment  of  the  right  of  the  wage-eaniers  and  producers  to 
organize  for  the  protection  of  wages  and  the  improvement  of  labor  condi- 
tions, to  the  end  that  such  labor  organizations  and  their  members  should  not 
be  regarded  as  illegal  combinations  in  restraint  of  trade. 

"We  pledge  the  Democratic  Party  to  the  enactment  of  a  law  creating  a 
Department  of  Labor  represented  separately  in  the  President's  Cabinet,  in 
which  department  shall  be  included  the  subject  of  mines  and  mining. 

"We  pledge  the  Democratic  Party,  so  far  as  the  Federal  jurisdiction  ex- 
tends, to  an  employees'  compensation  law  providing  adequate  indemnity  for 
injury  to  body  or  loss  of  life." 

Conservation 

We  believe  in  the  conservation  and  the  development,  for  the  use  of  all 
the  people,  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  country.  Our  forests,  our  sources 
of  wafer  supply,  our  arable  and  our  mineral  lands,  our  navigable  streams 
and  all  the  other  material  resources  with  which  our  country  has  been  so 
lavishly  endowed,  constitute  the  foundation  of  our  national  wealth.  Such 
additional  legislation  as  may  be  necessary  to  prevent  their  being  wasted  or 
absorbed  by  special  or  privileged  interests  should  be  enacted  and  the  policy 
of  their  conservation  should  be  rigidly  adhered  to. 

The  public  domain  should  be  administered  and  disposed  of  with  due 
regard  to  the  general  welfare.  Reservations  should  be  limited  to  the  pur- 
pose*  which  they  purport  to  serve  and  not  extended  to  include  land  wholly 
unsuited  therefor.  The  unnecessary  withdrawal  from  sale  and  settlement  of 
enormous  tracts  of  public  land,  upon  which  tree  growth  never  existed  and 
cannot  be  promoted,  tends  only  to  retard  development,  create  discontent  and 
bring  reproach  upon  the  policy  of  conservation. 

The  public  land  laws  should  be  administered  in  a  spirit  of  the  broadest 
liberality  toward  the  settler  exhibiting  a  bona-fide  purpose  to  comply  there- 
with, to  the  end  that  the  invitation  of  this  Government  to  the  landless  should 
be  as  attractive  as  possible;  and  the  plain  provisions  of  the  Forest  Reserve 
Act,  permitting  homestead  entries  to  be  made  within  the  national  forests, 
should  not  be  nullified  by  administrative  regulations  which  amount  to  a  with- 
drawal of  great  areas  of  the  same  from  settlement. 

Immediate  action  should  be  taken  by  Congress  to  make  available  the 
vast  and  valuable  coal  deposits  of  Alaska  under  conditions  that  will  be  a 
perfect  guaranty  against  their  falling  into  the  hands  of  monopolizing  cor- 
porations, associations  or  interests. 

Mines  and  Miners 

We  rejoice  in  the  inheritance  of  mineral  resources  unequalled  in  extent, 
variety  or  value,  and  in  the  development  of  a  mining  industry  unequalled 
in  its  magnitude  and  importance.  We  honor  the  men  who,  in  their  hazardous 
toil  underground,  daily  risk  their  lives  in  extracting  and  preparing  for  our 


28  Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 

use  the  products  of  the  mine,  so  essential  to  the  industries,  the  commerce  and 
the  comfort  of  the  people  of  this  country.  And  we  pledge  ourselves  to 
the  extension  of  the  work  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines  in  every  way  appropriate 
for  national  legislation,  with  a  view  of  safeguarding  the  lives  of  the  miners, 
lessening  the  waste  of  essential  resources  and  promoting  the  economic  de- 
velopment of  mining,  which,  along  with  agriculture,  must  in  the  future, 
even  more  than  in  the  past,  serve  as  the  very  foundation  of  our  national 
prosperity  and  welfare  and  our  international  commerce. 

Agriculture 

We  believe  in  encouraging  the  development  of  a  modem  system  of  agri- 
culture and  a  systematic  effort  to  improve  the  conditions  of  trade  in  farm 
products  so  as  to  benefit  both  the  consumers  and  producers.  And  as  an 
efficient  means  to  this  end  we  favor  the  enactment  by  Congress  of  legislation 
that  will  suppress  the  pernicious  practice  of  gambling  in  agricultural  pro- 
ducts by  organized  exchanges  or  others. 

Merchant  Marine 

We  believe  in  fostering,  by  constitutional  regulation  of  commerce,  the 
growth  of  a  merchant  marine  which  shall  develop  and  strengthen  the  com- 
mercial ties  which  bind  us  to  our  sister  republics  of  the  South,  but  without 
imposing  additional  burdens  upon  the  people  and  without  bounties  or  sub- 
sidies from  the  public  treasury. 

We  urge  upon  Congress  the  speedy  enactment  of  laws  for  the  greater 
security  of  life  and  property  at  sea,  and  we  favor  the  repeal  of  all  laws, 
and  the  abrogation  of  so  much  of  our  treaties  with  other  nations,  as  pro- 
vide for  the  arrest  and  imprisonment  of  seamen  charged  with  desertion,  or 
with  violation  of  their  contract  of  service. 

Such  laws  and  treaties  are  un-American  and  violate  the  spirit,  if  not 
the  letter,  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

We  favor  the  exemption  from  tolls  of  American  ships  engaged  in  coast- 
wise trade  passing  through  the  Panama  Canal. 

We  also  favor  legislation  forbidding  the  use  of  the  Panama  Canal  by 
ships  owned  or  controlled  by  railroad  carriers  engaged  in  transportation  com- 
petitive with  the  canal.  * 

Pure  Food  and  Public  Health 

We  reaffirm  our  previous  declarations  advocating  the  union  and  strength- 
ening of  the  various  governmental  agencies  relating  to  pure  foods,  quaran- 
tine, vital  statistics  and  human  health.  Thus  united  and  administered  with- 
out partiality  to  or  discrimination  against  any  school  of  medicine  or  system 
of  healing,  they  would  constitute  a  single  health  service,  not  subordinated 
to  any  commercial  or  financial  interests,  but  devoted  exclusively  to  the  con- 
servation of  human  life  and  efficiency.     Moreover,  this  health  service  should 


Party  Platforms  and  Coxventioxs  29 

co-operate  with  the  health  agencies  of  our  various  States  and  cities,  without 
interference  with  their  prerogatives  or  with  the  freedom  of  individuals  to 
employ  such  medical  or  hygienic  aid  as  they  may  see  fit. 

Civil  Service 

The  law  pertaining  to  the  civil  service  should  be  honestly  and  rigidly 
enforced,  to  the  end  that  merit  and  ability  should  be  the  standard  of  ap- 
pointment and  promotion  rather  than  service  rendered  to  a  political  party; 
and  we  favor  a  reorganization  of  the  civil  service,  with  adequate  compensa- 
tion, commensurate  with  the  class  of  work  performed,  for  all  officers  and 
employees ;  we  also  favor  the  extension  to  all  classes  of  civil  service  em- 
ployees of  the  benefits  of  the  provisions  of  the  Employers'  Liability  Law;  we 
also  recognize  the  right  of  direct  petition  to  Congress  by  employees  for  the 
redress  of  grievances. 

Law  Reform 

We  recognize  the  urgent  nee^l  of  reform  in  the  administration  of  civil  and 
criminal  law  in  the  L^nited  States,  and  we  recommend  the  enactment  of  such 
legislation  and  the  promotion  of  such  measures  as  will  rid  the  present  legal 
system  of  the  delays,  expense  and  uncertainties  incident  to  the  system  as 
now  administered. 

The  Philippines 

We  reaffirm  the  position  thrice  announced  by  the  Democracy  in  National 
Convention  assembled  against  a  policy  of  imperialism  and  colonial  exploita- 
tion in  the  Philippines,  or  elsewhere.  We  condemn  the  experiment  in  im- 
perialism as  an  inexcusable  blunder'  which  has  involved  us  in  enormous  ex- 
pense, brought  us  weakness  instead  of  strength  and  laid  our  nation  open  to 
the  charge  of  abandonment  of  the  fundamental  doctrine  of  self-government. 
We  favor  an  immediate  declaration  of  the  nation's  purpose  to  recognize 
the  independence  of  the  Philippine  Islands  as  soon  as  a  stable  government 
can  be  established,  such  independence  to  be  guaranteed  by  us  until  the 
neutralization  of  the  Islands  can  be  secured  by  treaty  with  other  powers.  In 
recognizing  the  independence  of  the  Philippines,  our  Government  should 
retain  such  land  as  may  be  necessary  for  coaling  stations  and  naval  bases. 

Arizona  and  New  Mexico 

We  welcome  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  to  the  sisterhood  of  States  and 
heartil}"  congratulate  them  upon  their  auspicious  beginning  of  great  and 
glorious  careers. 

Alaska 

AVe  demand  for  the  people  of  Alaska  the  full  enjoyment  of  the  rights 
and  privileges  of  a  territorial  form  of  government  and  we  believe  that  the 
officials  appointed  to  administer  the  government  of  all  our  Territories  and 
the  District  of  Columbia  should  be  qualified  by  previous  bona-fide  residence. 


"30  Party  Platforms  axd  Conventions 

The  Russian  Treaty 

We  commend  the  patriotism  of  the  Democratic  members  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives  which  compelled  the  termination  of  the  Rus- 
sian treaty  of  1832,  and  we  pledge  ourselves  anew  to  preserve  the  sacred 
rights  of  American  citizenship  at  home  and  abroad.  No  treaty  should  receive 
the  sanction  of  our  Government  which  does  not  recognize  that  equality  of 
all  of  our  citizens,  irrespective  of  race  or  creed,  and  which  does  not  expressly 
guarantee  the  fundamental  right  of  expatriation. 

The  constitutional  rights  of  American  citizens  should  protect  them  on 
our  borders  and  go  with  them  throughout  the  world,  and  every  American 
citizen  residing  or  having  property  in  any  foreign  country  is  entitled  to  and 
must  be  given  the  full  protection  of  the  United  States  Government,  both  for 
himself  and  his  property. 

Parcels  Post 

We  favor  the  establishment  of  a  parcels  post  or  postal  express  and  also 
the  extension  of  the  rural  delivery  system  as  rapidly  as  practicable. 

Panama  Canal  Exposition 

We  hereby  express  our  deep  interest  in  the  great  Panama  Canal  Expo- 
sition to  be  held  in  San  Francisco  in  1915,  and  favor  such  encouragement  &» 
•can  be  properly  given. 

National  Uniform 

We  commend  to  the  several  States  the  adoption  of  a  law  making  it  an 
offense  for  the  proprietors  of  places  of  public  amusement  and  entertainment 
to  discriminate  against  the  uniform  of  the  United  States,  similar  to  the  law 
passed  by  Congress  applicable  to  the  District  of  Columbia  and  the  Terri- 
tories, in  1911. 

Pensions 

We  renew  the  declaration  of  our  last  platform  relating  to  a  generous 
pension  policy. 

Rule  of  the  People 

We  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  Democratic  paity  demand  for  a 
return  to  the  rule  of  the  people,  expressed  in  the  National  Platform  four 
years  ago,  has  now  became  the  accepted  doctrine  of  a  large  majority  of  the 
electors.  We  again  remind  the  country  that  only  by  a  larger  exercise  of  the 
reserved  power  of  the  people  can  they  protect  themselves  from  the  misuse 
of  delegated  power  and  the  usurpation  of  governmental  instrumentalities  by 
special  interests.  For  this  reason,  the  National  Convention  insisted  on  the 
overthrow  of  Cannonism  and  the  inauguration  of  a  system  by  which  United 
States  Senators  could  be  elected  by  direct  vote. 

The  Democratic  Party  offers  itself  to  the  country  as  an  agency  through 
which  the  complete  overthrow  and  extirpation  of  corruption,  fraud  and 
machine  rule  in  American  politics  can  be  effected. 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions  31 

Conclusion 

Our  platform  is  one  of  principles  which  we  believe  to  be  essential  to  our 
national  welfare.  Our  pledges  are  made  to  be  kept  when  in  office  as  well  as 
relied  upon  during  the  campaign,  and  we  invite  the  co-operation  of  all  citi- 
zens, regardless  of  pa,rty,  who  believe  in  maintaining  unimpaired  the  institu- 
tions and  traditions  of  our  country. 


62  Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


For  President  THEODORE  ROOSEVELT,  of  New  York 

For  Vice-President        HIRAM  W.  JOHNSON,  of  California 


PROGRESSIVE  PLATFORM 


The  platform  adopted  at  the  Progressive  National  Convention,  at  Chi- 
cago, on  August  7,  was  termed  "A  Contract  With  the  People."     It  is  as 

follows :  ,  , .       , 

Jetrerson  and  Lincoln 

The  conscience  of  the  people,  in  a  time  of  grave  national  problems,  has 
called  into  being  a  new  party,  born  of  the  Nation's  awakened  sense  of  justice. 
We  of  the  Progressive  Party  here  dedicate  ourselves  to  the  fulfillment  of  the 
duty, laid  upon  us  by  our  fathers  to  maintain  that  government  of  the  people, 
by  the  people,  and  for  the  people  whose  foundations  they  laid. 

We  hold  with  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Abraham  Lincoln  that  the  people 
are  the  masters  of  their  Constitution,  to  fulfill  its  purposes  and  to  safe- 
guard it  from  those  who,  by  perversion  of  its  intent,  would  convert  it  into 
an  instrument  of  injustice.  In  accordance  with  the  needs  of  each  genera- 
tion the  people  must  use  their  sovereign  powers  to  establish  and  maintain 
equal  opportunity  and  industrial  justice,  to  secure  which  this  Government 
was  founded  and  without  which  no  republic  can  endure. 

This  country  belongs  to  the  people  who  inhabit  it.  Its  resources,  its 
business,  its  institutions  and  its  laws  should  be  utilized,  maintained  or 
altered  in  whatever  manner  will  best  promote  the  general  interest. 

It  is  time  to  set  the  public  welfare  in  the  first  place. 

The  Old  Parties 

Political  parties  exist  to  secure  responsible  government  and  to  execute 
the  will  of  the  people. 

From  these  great  tasks  both  of  the  old  parties  have  turned  aside.  In- 
stead of  instruments  to  promote  tlie  general  welfare,  they  have  become  the 
tools  of  corrupt  interests  which  use  them  impartially  to  serve  their  selfish 
purposes.  Behind  the  ostensible  government  sits  enthroned  an  invisible  gov- 
ernment, owing  no  allegiance  and  acknowledging  no  responsibilit}'  to  the 
people. 

To  destroy  this  invisible  government,  to  dissolve  the  unholy  alliance  be- 
tween corrupt  business  and  corrupt  politics  is  the  first  task  of  the  statesman- 
ship of  the  day. 

The  deliberate  betrayal  of  its  trust  by  the  Republican  Party,  and  the 
fatal  incapacity  of  the  Democratic  Party  to  deal  with  the  new  issues  of  the 
new  time,  have  compelled  the  people  to  forge  a  new  instrument  of  govern- 
ment through  which  to  give  effect  to  their  will  in  laws  and  institutions. 


Party  Platforms  and  Coxvextions  33 

Unhampered  by  tradition,  uncorrupttd  by  power,  undismayed  by  the 
magnitude  of  the  task,  the  new  party  offers  itself  as  the  instrument  of  the 
people  to  sweep  away  old  abuses,  to  build  a  new  and  nobler  commonwealth. 

This  declaration  is  our  covenant  with  the  people,  and  we  hereby  bind 
the  party  and  its  candidates  in  State  and  Nation  to  the  pledges  made  herein. 

Rule  of  the  People 

The  Progressive  Party,  committed  to  the  principle  of  government  by  a 
self-controlled  democracy  expressing  its  will  through  representatives  of  the 
people,  pledges  itself  to  secure  such  alterations  in  the  fundamental  law  of 
the  several  States  and  of  the  United  States  as  shall  insure  the  representative 
character  of  the  Government. 

In  particular,  the  party  declares  for  direct  primaries  for  the  nomina- 
tion oi  State  and  national  officers,  for  nation-wide  preferential  primaries  for 
candidates  for  the  Presidency,  for  the  direct  election  of  United  States  Sena- 
tors by  the  people ;  and  we  urge  on  the  States  the  policy  of  the  short  ballot, 
with  responsibility  to  the  people  secured  by  the  initative,  referendum  and 
recall. 

Amendment  of  Constitution 

The  Progressive  Party,  believing  that  a  free  people  should  have  the  power 
from  time  to  time  to  amend  their  fundamental  law  so  as  to  adapt  it  pro- 
gressively to  the  changing  needs  of  the  people,  pledges  itself  to  provide  a 
more  easA^  and  expeditious  method  of  amending  the  Federal  Constitution. 

Nation  and  State 

Up  to  the  limit  of  the  Constitution,  and  later  by  amendment  of  the 
Constitution,  if  found  necessary,  we  advocate  bringing  under  effective  Na- 
tional jurisdiction  those  problems  which  have  expanded  beyond  reach  of  the 
individual  States. 

It  is  as  grotesque  as  it  is  intolerable  that  the  several  States  should  by 
unequal  laws  in  matter  of  common  concern  become  competing  commercial 
agencies,  barter  the  lives  of  their  children,  the  health  of  their  women  and 
the  safety  and  well-being  of  their  working  people  for  the  profit  of  their 
financial  interests. 

The  extreme  insistence  on  States'  rights  by  the  Democratic  Party  in  the 
Baltimore  platform  demonstrates  anew  its  inability  to  understand  the  world 
into  which  it  has  survived  or  to  administer  the  affairs  of  a  union  of  States 
which  have  in  all  essential  respects  become  one  people. 

Industrial  Justice 

The  supreme  duty  of  the  Nation  is  the  conservation  of  human  resources 
through  an  enlightened  measure  of  social  and  industrial  justice.  We  pledge 
ourselves  to  work  unceasingly  in  State  and  Nation  for : 


^4  Party  Platforms  axd  Conventions 

Effective  legislation  looking  to  the  prevention  of  industrial  accidents, 
occupational  diseases,  overwork,  involuntary  unemploj'ment,  and  other  in- 
jurious effects  incident  to  modern  industry; 

The  fixing  of  minimum  safety  and  health  standards  for  the  various  occu- 
pations, and  the  exercise  of  the  public  authority  of  State  and  Nation,  includ- 
ing the  Federal  control  over  interstate  commerce  and  the  taxing  power,  to 
maintain  such  standards ; 

The  prohibition  of  child  labor ; 

Minimum  wage  standards  for  working  women,  to  provide  a  living  scale 
in  all  industrial  occupations  ; 

The  prohibition  of  night  work  for  women  and  the  establishment  of  an 
eight-hour  day  for  women  and  young  persons ; 

One  day's  rest  in  seven  for  all  wage-workers ; 

The  eight-hour  day  in  continuous  twenty-four-hour  industries ; 

The  abolition  of  the  convict  contract  labor  system;  substituting  a  sys- 
tem of  prison  production  for  governmental  consumption  onh";  and  the  ap- 
plication of  prisoners'  earnings  to  the  support  of  their  dependent  families ; 

Publicity  as  to  wages,  hours  and  conditions  of  labor;  full  reports  upon 
industrial  accidents  and  diseases,  and  the  opening  to  public  inspection  of  all 
tallies,  weights,  measures  and  check  systems  on  labor  products ; 

Standards  of  compensation  for  death  by  industrial  accident  and  injury 
and  trade  diseases  which  will  transfer  the  burden  of  lost  earnings  from  the 
families  of  working  people  to  the  industry,  and  thus  to  the  community; 

The  protection  of  home  life  against  the  hazards  of  sickness,  irregular 
employment  and  old  age  through  the  adoption  of  a  system  of  social  in- 
surance adapted  to  American  use ; 

The  development  of  the  creative  labor  power  of  America  by  lifting  the 
last  load  of  illiteracy  from  American  youth  and  establishing  continuation 
schools  for  industrial  education  under  public  control  and  encouraging  agri- 
cultural education  and  demonstration  in  rural  schools ; 

The  establishment  of  industrial  research  laboratories  to  put  the  methods 
and  discoveries  of  science  at  the  service  of  American  producers. 

We  favor  the  organization  of  the  workers,  men  and  women,  as  a  means 
of  protecting  their  interests  and  of  promoting  their  progress. 

The  Trusts 

We  believe  that  true  popular  government,  justice  and  prosperity  go 
hand  in  hand,  and,  so  believing,  it  is  our  purpose  to  secure  that  large  meas- 
ure of  general  prosperity  which  is  the  fruit  of  legitimate  and  honest  busi- 
ness, fostered  by  equal  justice  and  by  sound  progressive  laws. 

We  demand  that  the  test  of  true  prosperity  shall  be  the  benefits  con- 
ferred thereby  on  all  the  citizens,  not  confined  to  individuals  or  classes,  and 
that  the  test  of  corporate  efficiency  shall  be  the  ability  better  to  serve  the 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions  35 

public;  that  those  who  profit  by  control  of  business  affairs  shall  justify  that 
profit  and  that  control  by  sharing  with  the  public  the  fruits  thereof. 

We  therefore  demand  a  strong  national  regulation  of  interstate  cor- 
porations. The  corporation  is  an  essential  part  of  modern  business.  The 
concentration  of  modern  business,  in  some  degree,  is  both  inevitable  and 
necessary  for  national  and  international  business  efficiency.  But  the  exist- 
ing concentration  of  vast  wealth  under  a  corporate  system,  unguarded  and 
uncontrolled  by  the  Nation,  has  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  few  men  enormous, 
secret,  irresponsible  power  over  the  daily  life  of  the  citizen — a  power  in- 
sufferable in  a  free  government  and  certain  of  abuse. 

This  power  has  been  abused,  in  monopoly  of  national  resources,  in  stock 
watering,  in  unfair  competition  and  unfair  privileges,  and  finally  in  sinister 
influences  on  the  public  agencies  of  State  and  Nation.  We  do  not  fear  com- 
mercial power,  but  we  insist  that  it  shall  be  exercised  openly,  under  publicity, 
supervision  and  regulation  of  the  most  efficient  sort,  which  will  preserve  its 
good  while  eradicating  and  preventing  its  evils. 

To  that  end  we  urge  the  establishment  of  a  strong  Federal  administrative 
commission  of  high  standing,  which  shall  maintain  permanent  active  super- 
vision over  industrial  corporations  engaged  in  interstate  commerce,  or  such 
of  them  as  are  of  public  importance,  doing  for  them  what  the  Government 
now  does  for  the  national  banks,  and  what  is  now  done  for  the  railroads  by 
the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission. 

Such  a  commission  must  enforce  the  complete  publicity  of  those  cor- 
poration transactions  which  are  of  public  interest;  must  attack  unfair  com- 
petition, false  capitalization  and  special  privilege,  and  by  continuous  trained 
watchfulness  guard  and  keep  open  equally  to  all  the  highways  of  American 
commerce. 

Thus  the  business  man  will  have  certain  knowledge  of  the  law,  and  will 
be  able  to  conduct  his  business  easily  in  conformity  therewith;  the  investor 
will  find  security  for  his  capital ;  dividends  will  be  rendered  more  certain,  and 
the  savings  of  the  people  will  be  drawn  naturally  and  safely  into  the  channels 
of  trade. 

Under  such  a  system  of  constructive  regulation,  legitimate  business,  freed 
from  confusion,  uncertainty  and  fruitless  litigation,  will  develop  normally  in 
response  to  the  energy  and  enterprise  of  the  American  business  man. 

Commercial  Development 

The  time  has  come  when  the  Federal  Government  should  co-operate  with 
manufacturers  and  producers  in  extending  our  foreign  commerce.  To  this 
end  we  demand  adequate  appropriations  by  Congress,  and  the  appointment 
of  diplomatic  and  consular  officers  solely  with  a  view  to  their  special  fitness 
and  worth,  and  not  in  consideration  of  political  expediency. 

It  is  imperative  to  the  welfare  of  our  people  that  we  enlarge  and  extend 
our  foreign  commerce.     We  are  pre-eminently  fitted  to  do  this  because  as  a 


36  Party  Platforms  and  Coxvextioxs 

people  we  have  developed  high  skill  in  the  art  of  manufacturing;  our  busi- 
ness men  are  strong  executives,  strong  organizers.  In  every  way  possible 
our  Federal  Government  should  co-operate  in  this  important  matter.  Anyone 
who  has  had  opportunity  to  study  and  observe  first-hand  Germany's  course 
in  this  respect  must  realize  that  their  policy  of  co-operation  between  govern- 
ment and  business  has  in  comparatively  few  years  made  them  a  leading  com- 
petitor for  the  commerce  of  the  world.  It  should  be  remembered  that  they 
are  doing  this  on  a  national  scale  and  with  large  units  of  business,  while  the 
Democrats  would  have  us  believe  that  we  should  do  it  with  small  units  of 
business,  which  would  be  controlled  not  by  the  National  Government  but  by 
forty-nine  conflicting  sovereignties.  Such  a  policy  is  utterly  out  of  keeping 
with  the  progress  of  the  times  and  gives  our  great  commercial  rivals  in 
Europe — hungry  for  international  markets — golden  opportunities  of  which 
they  are  rapidly  taking  advantage. 

The  TariflF 

We  believe  in  a  protective  tariff  which  shall  equalize  conditions  of  com- 
petition between  the  United  States  and  foreign  countries,  both  for  the  farmer 
and  the  manufacturer,  and  which  shall  maintain  for  labor  an  adequate 
standard  of  living. 

Primarily  the  benefit  of  any  tariff  should  be  disclosed  in  the  pay  envelope 
of  the  laborer.  We  declare  that  no  industry  deserves  protection  which  is  un- 
fair to  labor  or  which  is  operating  in  violation  of  Federal  law.  We  be- 
lieve that  the  presumption  is  always  in  favor  of  the  consuming  public. 

We  demand  tariff  revision  because  the  present  tariff  is  unjust  to  the 
people  of  the  United  States.  Fair  dealing  toward. the  people  requires  an  im- 
mediate downward  revision  of  those  schedules  wherein  duties  are  shown  to  be 
unjust  or  excessive. 

We  pledge  ourselves  to  the  establishment  of  a  non-partisan  scientific 
tariff  commission,  reporting  both  to  the  President  and  to  either  branch  of 
Congress,  which  shall  report,  first,  as  to  the  costs  of  production,  efficiency  of 
labor,  capitalization,  industrial,  organization  and  efficiency,  and  the  general 
competitive  position  in  this  country  and  abroad  of  industries  seeking  protec- 
tion from  Congress ;  second,  as  to  the  revenue-producing  power  of  the  tariff 
and  its  relation  to  the  resources  of  Government;  and,  third,  as  to  the  effect 
of  the  tariff  on  prices,  operations  of  middlemen,  and  on  the  purchasing  power 
of  the  consumer. 

We  believe  that  this  commission  should  have  plenary  power  to  elicit  in- 
formation, and  for  this  purpose  to  prescribe  a  uniform  system  of  account- 
ing for  the  great  protected  industries.  The  work  of  the  commission  should 
not  prevent  the  immediate  adoption  of  acts  reducing  those  schedules  gen- 
erally recognized  as  excessive. 

We  condemn  the  Payne- Aldrich  Bill  as  unjust  to  the  people.  The  Re- 
publican organization  is  in  the  hands  of  those  who  have  broken,  and  cannot 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions  37 

again  be  trusted  to  keep,  the  promise  of  necessary  downward  revision.  The 
Democratic  party  'fs  committed  to  the  destruction  of  the  protective  system 
through  a  tariff  for  revenue  only — a  policy  which  would  inevitably  produce 
widespread  industrial  and  commercial  disaster. 

We  demand  the  immediate  repeal  of  the  Canadian  reciprocity  act. 

Cost  of  Living 

The  high  cost  of  living  is  due  partly  to  world-wide  and  partly  to  local 
causes ;  partly  to  natural  and  partly  to   artificial  causes.     The  measures  ^ 
proposed  in  this  platform  on  various  subjects,  such  as  the  tariff,  the  trusts 
and  conservation,  will  of  themselves  tend  to  remove  the  artificial  causes. 

There  will  remain  other  elements,  such  as  the  tendency  to  leave  the 
country  for  the  city,  waste,  extravagance,  bad  system  of  taxation,  poor 
methods  of  raising  crops  and  bad  business  methods  in  marketing  crops. 

To  remedy  these  conditions  requires  the  fullest  information  and  based  on 
this  information,  effective  Government  supervision  and  control  to  remove  all 
the  artificial  causes.  We  pledge  ourselves  to  such  full  and  immediate  inquiry 
and  to  immediate  action  to  deal  with  every  need  such  inquiry  discloses. 

Currency 

We  believe  there  exists  imperative  need  for  prompt  legislation  for  the 
improvement  of  our  national  currency  system.  We  believe  the  present 
method  of  issuing  notes  through  private  agencies  is  harmful  and  unscientific. 

The  issue  of  currency  is  fundamentally  a  Government  function  and  the 
system  should  have  as  basic  principles  soundness  and  elasticity.  The  control 
should  be  lodged  with  the  Government  and  should  be  protected  from  domina- 
tion or  manipulation  by  Wall  Street  or  any  special  interests. 

We  are  opposed  to  the  so-called  Aldrich  currency  bill,  because  its  pro- 
visions would  place  our  currency  and  credit  system  in  private  hands,  not 
subject  to  effective  public  control. 

Conservation 

The  natural  resources  of  the  Nation  must  be  promptly  developed  and 
generously  used  to  supply  the  people's  needs,  but  we  cannot  safely  allow 
them  to  be  wasted,  exploited,  monopolized,  or  controlled  against  the  general 
good.  We  heartily  favor  the  policy  of  conservation,  and  we  pledge  our  party 
to  protect  the  national  forests  without  hindering  their  legitimate  use  for  the 
benefit  of  all  the  people. 

Agricultural  lands  in  the  national  forests  are,  and  should  remain,  open 
to  the  genuine  settler.  Conservation  will  not  retard  legitimate  development. 
The  honest  settler  must  receive  his  patent  promptly,  without  needless  restric- 
tions or  delays. 

We  believe  that  the  remaining  forests,  coal  and  oil  lands,  water  powers 
and  other  natural  resources  still  in  State  or  national  control  (except  agricul- 


38  Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


tural  lands)  are  more  likely  to  be  wisely  conserved  and  utilized  for  the  gen- 
eral welfare  if  held  in  the  public  hands. 

In  order  that  consumers  and  producers,  managers  and  workmen,  now  and 
hereafter,  need  not  pay  toll  to  private  monopolies  of  power  and  raw  ma- 
terial, we  demand  that  such  resources  shall  be  retained  by  the  State  or 
Nation,  and  opened  to  immediate  use  under  laws  which  will  encourage  de- 
velopment and  make  to  the  people  a  moderate  return  for  benefits  conferred. 

In  particular  we  pledge  our  party  to  require  reasonable  compensation  to 
J;he  public  for  water-power  rights  hereafter  granted  by  the  public. 

We  pledge  legislation  to  lease  the  public  grazing  lands  under  equitable 
provisions  now  pending  which  will  increase  the  production  of  food  for  the 
people  and  thoroughly  safeguard  the  rights  of  the  actual  homemaker. 
Natural  resources,  whose  conservation  is  necessary  for  the  national  welfare, 
should  be  owned  or  controlled  by  the  Nation. 

Waterways 

The  rivers  of  the  United  States  are  the  natural  arteries  of  this  con- 
tinent. We  demand  that  they  shall  be  opened  to  traffic  as  indispensable 
parts  of  a  great  nation-wide  system  of  transportation  in  which  the  Panama 
canal  will  be  the  central  link,  thus  enabling  the  whole  interior  of  the  United 
States  to  share  with  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  seaboards  in  the  benefit  derived 
from  the  canal. 

It  is  a  national  obligation  to  develop  our  rivers,  and  especially  the 
Mississippi  and  its  tributaries,  without  delay,  under  a  comprehensive  general 
plan  covering  each  river  system  from  its  source  to  its  mouth,  designed  to  se- 
cure its  highest  usefulness  for  navigation,  irrigation,  domestic  supply,  water 
power  and  the  prevention  of  floods. 

We  pledge  our  party  to  the  immediate  preparation  of  such  a  plan,  which 
should  be  made  and  carried  out  in  close  and  friendly  co-operation  between 
the  Nation,  the  States  and  the  cities  affected. 

Under  such  a  plan,  the  destructive  floods  of  the  Mississippi  and  other 
streams,  which  represent  a  vast  and  needless  loss  to  the  Nation,  would  be  con- 
trolled by  forest  conservation  and  water  storage  at  the  headwaters,  and  by 
levees  below;  land  sufficient  to  support  millions  of  people  would  be  re- 
claimed from  the  deserts  and  the  swamps,  water  power  enough  to  transform 
the  industrial  standing  of  whole  States  would  be  developed,  adequate  water 
terminals  would  be  provided,  trasportation  by  river  would  revive,  and  the 
railroads  would  be  compelled  to  co-operate  as  freely  with  the  |?oat  lines  as 
with  each  other. 

The  equipment,  organization  and  experience  acquired  in  constructing  the 
Panama  canal  soon  will  be  available  for  the  Lakes-to-the-Gulf  deep  water- 
way and  other  portions  of  this  great  work,  and  should  be  utilized  by  the  Na- 
tion in  co-operation  with  the  various  States,  at  the  lowest  net  cost  to  the 
people. 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions  39 

Psuiama  Canal 

The  Panama  canal,  built  and  paid  for  by  the  American  people,  must 
be  used  primarily  for  their  benefit. 

We  demand  that  the  canal  shall  be  so  operated  as  to  break  the  transpor- 
tation monopoly  now  held  and  misused  by  the  trans-continental  railroads  by 
maintaining  sea  competition  with  them;  that  ships  directly  or  indirectly 
owned  or  controlled  by  American  railroad  corporations  shall  not  be  per- 
mitted to  use  the  canal,  and  that  American  ships  engaged  in  coastwise  trade 
shall  pay  no  tolls. 

The  Progressive  Party  will  favor  legislation  having  for  its  aim  the  de- 
velopment of  friendship  and  commerce  between  the  United  States  and  Latin- 
American  nations. 

Alaska 

The  coal  and  other  natural  resources  of  Alaska  should  be  opened  to 
development  at  once.  They  are  owned  by  the  people  of  the  United  States, 
and  are  safe  from  monopoly,  waste  or  destruction  only  while  so  owned. 

We  demand  that  they  shall  neither  be  sold  nor  given  away,  except  under 
the  homestead  law,  but  while  held  in  Government  ownership  shall  be  opened  to 
use  promptly  upon  liberal  terms  requiring  immediate  development. 

Thus  the  benefit  of  cheap  fuel  will  accrue  to  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  and  to  the  people  of  Alaska  and  the  Pacific  coast;  the  settle- 
ment of  extensive  agricultural  lands  will  be  hastened ;  the  extermination  of 
the  salmon  will  be  prevented,  and  the  just  and  wise  development  of  Alaskan 
resources  will  take  the  place  of  private  extortion  or  monopoly. 

We  demand  also  that  extortion  or  monopoly  in  transportation  shall  be 
prevented  by  the  prompt  acquisition,  construction,  or  improvement  by  the 
Government  of  such  railroads,  harbor  and  other  facilities  for  transportation 
as  the  welfare  of  the  people  may  demand. 

We  promise  the  people  of  the  territory  of  Alaska  the  same  measure  of 
local  self-government  that  was  given  to  other  American  territories,  and  that 
Federal  officials  appointed  there  shall  be  qualified  by  previous  bona-fide  resi- 
dence in  the  territory.  _        ,  «   «■ 

Equal  Suffrage 

The  Progressive  Party,  believing  that  no  people  can  justly  claim  to  be 
a  true  democracy  which  denies  political  rights  on  account  of  sex,  pledges 
itself  to  the  task  of  securing  equal  suffrage  to  men  and  women  alike. 

Corrupt  Practices 

We  pledge  our  party  to  legislation  that  will  compel  strict  limitation  on 
all  campaign  contributions  and  expenditures,  and  detailed  publicity  of  both 
before  as  well  as  after  primaries  and  elections. 

Publicity  and  Public  Service 

We  pledge  cur  party  to  legislation  compelling  the  registration  of  lobby- 
ists ;  publicity  of  committee  hearings  except  on  foreign  affairs,  and  recording 


40  Party  Platforms  and  Coxvextioxs 


of  all  votes  in  committee;  and  forbidding  Federal  appointees  from  holding 
office  in  State  or  national  political  organizations,  or  taking  part  as  officers  or 
delegates  in  political  conventions  for  the  nomination  of  elective  State  or 
national  officials. 

The  Courts 

The  Progressive  Party  demands  such  restriction  of  the  power  of  the 
courts  as  shall  leave  to  the  people  the  ultimate  authority  to  determine  funda- 
mental questions  of  social  welfare  and  public  polic3\  To  secure  this  end,  it 
pledges  itself  to  provide: 

1.  That  when  an  act,  passed  under  the  police  power  of  the  State,  is  held 
unconstitutional  under  the  State  Constitution,  by  the  courts,  the  people, 
after  an  ample  interval  for  deliberation,  shall  have  an  opportunity  to  vote 
on  the  question  whether  they  desire  the  act  to  become  a  law,  notwithstanding 
such  decision. 

2.  That  every  decision  of  the  highest  appellate  court  of  a  State  declaring 
an  act  of  the  legislatui'e  unconstitutional  on  the  ground  of  its  violation  of 
the  Federal  Constitution  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  review  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  as  is  now  accorded  to  decisions  sustaining  such 
legislation. 

Administration  of  Justice 

The  Progressive  Party,  in  order  to  secure  to  the  people  a  better  ad- 
ministration of  justice  and  by  that  means  to  bring  about  a  more  general  re- 
spect for  the  law  and  the  courts,  pledges  itself  to  work  unceasingly  for  the 
reform  of  legal  procedure  and  judicial  methods. 

We  believe  that  the  issuance  of  injunctions  in  cases  arising  out  of  labor 
disputes  should  be  prohibited  when  such  injunctions  would  not  apply  when 
no  labor  disputes  existed. 

We  also  believe  that  a  person  cited  for  contempt  in  labor  disputes,  except 
when  such  contempt  was  committed  in  the  actual  presence  of  the  court  or 
so  near  thereto  as  to  interfere  with  the  proper  administration  of  justice,^ 
should  have  a  right  to  trial  by  jury. 

Department  of  Labor 

We  pledge  our  party  to  establish  a  Department  of  Labor  with  a  seat 
in  the  cabinet,  and  with  wide  jurisdiction  over  matters  affecting  the  con- 
ditions of  labor  and  living. 

Country  Life 

The  development  and  prosperity  of  country  life  are  as  important  to  the 
people  who  live  in  the  cities  as  they  arc  to  the  farmers.  Increase  of  pros- 
perity on  the  farm  will  favorably  affect  the  cost  of  living  and  promote  the 
interests  of  all  who  dwell  in  the  country,  and  all  who  depend  upon  its  pro- 
ducts for  clothing,  shelter  and  food. 

We  pledge  our  party  to  foster  the  development  of  agricultural  credit 
and  co-operation,  the  teaching  of  agriculture  in  schools,  agricultural  college 


Party  Platforms  axd  Conventions  41 

extension,  the  use  of  mechanical  power  on  the  farm,  and  to  re-establish  the 
Country  Life  Commission,  thus  directly  promoting  the  welfare  of  the  farm- 
ers, and  bringing  the  benefits  of  better  farming,  better  business  and  better 

living  within  their  reach.  ,,     ,  , 

^  Health 

We  favor  the  union  of  all  the  existing  agencies  of  the  Federal  Government 
dealing  with  the  public  health  into  a  single  national  health  service  with- 
out discrimination  against  or  for  any  one  set  of  therapeutic  methods,  school 
of  medicine,  or  school  of  healing,  with  such  additional  powers  as  may  be 
necessary  to  enable  it  to  perform  efficiently  such  duties  in  the  protection  of 
the  public  from  preventable  diseases  as  may  be  properly  undertaken  by  the 
Federal  authorities  including  the  execution  of  existing  laws  regarding  pure 
food,  quarantine  and  cognate  subjects;  the  promotion  of  appropriate  action 
for  the  improvement  of  vital  statistics  and  the  extension  of  the  registration 
area  of  such  statistics,  and  co-operation  with  the  health  activities  of  the 
various  States  and  cities  of  the  Nation. 

Patents 

We  pledge  ourselves  to  the  enactment  of  a  patent  law  which  will  make 
it  impossible  for  patents  to  be  suppressed  or  used  against  the  public  welfare 
in  the  interests  of  injurious  monopolies. 

Interstate  Commerce 

We  pledge  our  party  to  secure  to  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission 
the  power  to  value  the  physical  property  of  railroads.  In  order  that  the 
power  of  the  commission  to  protect  the  people  may  not  be  impaired  or  de- 
stroyed, we  demand  the  abolition  of  the  Commerce  Court. 

Good  Roads 

We  recognize  the  vital  importance  of  good  roads  and  we  pledge  our 
party  to  foster  their  extension  in  every  proper  way,  and  we  favor  the  early 
construction  of  national  highways.  We  also  favor  the  extension  of  the 
rural  free  delivery  service. 

Inheritance  and  Income  Tax 

We  believe  in  a  graduated  inheritance  tax  as  a  national  means  of  equal- 
izing the  obligations  of  holders  of  property  to  Government,  and  we  hereby 
pledge  our  party  to  enact  such  a  Federal  law  as  will  tax  large  inheritances, 
returning  to  the  States  an  equitable  percentage  of  all  amounts  collected. 

We  favor  the  ratification  of  the  pending  amendment  to  the  Constitution 
giving  the  Government  power  to  levy  an  income  tax.  > 

National  Defense 

The  Progressive  Party  deplores  the  survival  in  our  civilization  of  the 
barbaric  system  of  warfare  among  nations  with  its  enormous  waste  of  re- 
sources even  in  time  of  peace,  and  the  consequent  impoverishment  of  the 


42  Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 

life  of  the  toiling  masses.  We  pledge  the  party  to  use  its  best  endeavors  to 
substitute  judicial  and  other  peaceful  means  of  settling  international  differ- 
ences. 

We  favor  an  international  agreement  for  the  limitation  of  naval  forces. 
Pending  such  an  agreement,  and  as  the  best  means  of  preserving  peace,  we 
pledge  ourselves  to  maintain  for  the  present  the  policy  of  building  two  battle- 
ships a  year. 

Treaty  Rights 

We  pledge  our  party  to  protect  the  rights  of  American  citizenship  at 
home  and  abroad.     No  treat}'  should  receive  the  sanction  of  our  Government 
which  discriminates  "between  American  citizens  because  of  birthplace,  race,  or  * 
religion,  or  that  does  not  recognize  the  absolute  right  of  expatriation. 

The  Immigrant 

Through  the  establishment  of  industrial  standards  we  propose  to  secure 
to  the  able-bodied  immigrant  and  to  his  native  fellow  workers  a  larger  share 
of  American  opportunity. 

We  denounce  the  fatal  policy  of  indifference  and  neglect  which  has  left 
our  enormous  immigrant  population  to  become  the  prey  of  chance  and 
cupidity. 

We  favor  governmental  action  to  encourage  the  distribution  of  immi- 
grants away  from  the  congested  cities,  to  rigidly  supervise  all  private 
agencies  dealing  with  them  and  to  promote  their  assimilation,  education 
and  advancement. 

Pensions 

We  pledge  ourselves  to  a  wise  and  just  policy  of  pensioning  American 
soldiers  and  sailors  and  their  widows  and  children  by  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment. And  we  appi'ove  the  policy  of  the  Southern  States  in  granting  pensions 
to  the  ex-Confederate  soldiers  and  sailors  and  their  widows  and  children. 

Parcels  Post 

We  pledge  our  party  to  the  immediate  creation  of  a  parcels  post,  with 
rates  proportionate  to  distance  and  service. 

Civil  Service 

We  condemn  the  violations  of  the  civil  service  law  under  the  present  ad- 
ministration, including  the  coercion  and  assessment  of  subordinate  em- 
ployees, and  the  President's  refusal  to  punish  such  violation  after  a  finding 
of  guilty  by  his  own  commission ;  his  distribution  of  patronage  among  sub- 
servient Congressmen,  while  withholding  it  from  those  who  refuse  support  of 
administration  measures ;  his  withdrawal  of  nominations  from  the  Senate 
until  political  support  for  himself  was  secured,  and  his  open  use  of  the 
offices  to  reward  those  who  voted  for  his  renomination. 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions  43 

To  eradicate  these  abuses,  we  demand  not  only  the  enforcement  of  the 
civil  service  act  in  letter  and  spirit,  but  also  legislation  which  will  bring 
under  the  competitive  system  postmasters,  collectors,  marshals  and  all  other 
non-political  officers  as  well  as  the  enactment  of  an  equitable  retirement  law, 
and  we  also  insist  upon  continuous  service  during  good  behavior  and  ef- 
ficiency. 

Government  Business 

We  pledge  our  party  to  readjustment  of  the  business  methods  of  the 
national  Government  and  a  proper  co-ordination  of  the  Federal  bureaus, 
which  will  increase  the  economy  and  efficiency  of  the  Government  service, 
prevent  duplications  and  secure  better  results  to  the  taxpayers  for  every 
dollar  expended. 

Supervision  Over  Investments 

The  people  of  the  United  States  are  swindled  out  of  many  millions  of 
dollars  every  year,  through  worthless  investments.  The  plain  people,  the 
wage-earner  and  the  men  and  women  with  small  savings,  have  no  way  of 
knowing  the  merit  of  concerns  sending  out  highly  colored  prospectuses  of- 
fering stock  for  sale,  prospectuses  that  make  big  returns  seem  certain  and 
fortunes  easily  within  grasp. 

We  hold  it  to  be  the  duty  of  the  Government  to  protect  its  people 
from  this  kind  of  piracy.  W^e,  therefore,  demand  wise,  carefully  thought  out 
legislation  that  will  give  us  such  governmental  supervision  over  this  matter 
as  will  furnish  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  this  much-needed  pro- 
tection, and  we  pledge  ourselves  thereto. 

Conclusion 

On  these  principles  and  on  the  recognized  desirability  of  uniting  the 
Progressive  forces  of  the  Nation  into  an  organization  which  shall  unequivo- 
cally represent  the  Progressive  spirit  and  policy  we  appeal  for  the  support 
of  all  American  citizens,  without  regard  to  previous  political  affiliations. 


44 


Party  Platforms  and  Coxvextions 


Electoral  Vote  in  1912 

The  following  table  gives  the  electoral   vote  by  States  for  1912,  as  based 
upon  the  Reapportionment  Act  of  1911: 


Alabama 12 

Arizona 3 

Arkansas 9 

California 13 

Colorado 6 

Connecticut 7 

Delaware 3 

Florida 6 

Georgia 14 

Idaho 4 

Illinois 29 

Indiana 15 

Iowa 13 

Kansas 10 

Kentucky 13 

Louisiana 10 

Maine 6 

Maryland '.  •  .  8 

Massachusetts 18 

Michigan 15 

Minnesota 12 

Mississippi 10 

Missouri 18 

Montana 4 

Nebraska 8 

Nevada 3 

New  Hampshire 4 

New  Jersey 14 


New  Mexico , 3 

New  York 45 

North  Carolina 12 

North  Dakota 5 

Ohio 24 

Oklahoma 10 

Oregon 5 

Pennsylvania 38 

Rhode  Island 5 

South  Carolina 9 

South  Dakota 5 

Tennessee 12 

Texas 20 

Utah 4 

Vermont 4 

Virginia 12 

Washington 7 

West  Virginia 8 

Wisconsin 13 

Wyoming 3 

Total 531 


Necessary  to  a  choice.  266. 


Election  by  the  House  of  Representatives 

The  presence  of  three  parties  in  the  field  this  year  has  raised  the  ques- 
tion of  what  would  happen  if  no  candidate  for  President  obtained  a  majority 
of  the  electoral  vote.  The  Constitution  provides  for  such  a  contingency 
in  the  following  language : 

if  no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons 
having  the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding  three,  on  the  list  of  those 
voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  im- 
mediately, by  ballot,  the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President, 
the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each 
State  having  one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a 
member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority 
of  all  the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 

In  the  present  House,  however — which  is  the  one  that  would  vote  on  the 
question — there  is  an  exact  balance  between  Democratic  and  Republican 
States,  there  being  22  of  each,  with  4  equally  divided  in  their  representation, 
and  therefore  incapable  of  casting  a  ballot  for  any  candidate.  This  situa- 
tion also  is  met  by  the  Constitution  in  these  words : 

And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a  Presi- 
dent, whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before 
the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following,  then  the  Vice-President  shall 
act  as  President,  as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional 
disability  of  the  President. 


Pakty  Platforms  and  Conventions 


45 


As  the  Vice-President,  in  case  of  a  tie,  is  chosen  by  the  Senate,  and  as 
the  latter  body  has  a  small  Republican  majority,  the  eifect  of  the  provisions 
of  the  Constitution  governing  the  case  might  be  thought  to  be  the  selection  of 
the  Republican  Vice-Presidential  candidate,  James  S.  Sherman,  the  present 
Vice-President,  who  would  proceed  to  "act  as  President."  This  outcome, 
however,  in  the  divided  state  of  the  Republican  Party  is  by  no  means  a  cer- 
tainty. The  refusal  of  a  few  "Republican"  Senators  to  vote  for  Mr.  Sher- 
man would  prevent  his  election.  In  such  a  case,  the  Presidential  Succession 
Law  might  be  resorted  to.  If  this  were  done,  the  Secretary  of  State,  Phil- 
ander C.  Knox,  whose  term  of  office  is  undefined,  would  act  as  President 
"until  ...  a  President  is  elected,"  which  presumably  might  be  at  the 
^nd  of  four  years,  or  sooner  if  Congress  should  arrange  for  another  election. 

Electoral  Vote  for  President,  1884-1908 


STATES 


1908 


1900 


1892 


1888 


1884 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

Calit  irnia 

Colorado 

Connecticrt. .  .  . 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentuckj- 

Louisiana 

M   ine 

Maryland 

Mass^cli'isetts  . 

Mii'higan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 
New  Jersey.  .  .  . 

New  York 

North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota.. 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania.. . 
Rhode  Island.  . 
South  Carolina. 
So.ith  Dakota. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington. . . . 
West  Virgini.'i .  . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total 


12 


13 


10 


.S 

6 

8 

4 

12 

22 

1.5 

18 

9 

1.3 


12 


11 


1'. 


14 

13 

7 


30 
4 


321    j    140 


336 


271 


22 


168 


233 


219 


isa' 


46 


Party  Platforms  and  Conventions 


Popular  and  Electoral  Vote  for  President  in  1908 


Popular  Vote. 

Electoral 
Vote. 

STATES. 

1 

oi 

a 

OS 

C3 

0! 

a 

03 

Xi 

OS 

c 
1 

Plurality 

+9 

cc 

H 

Q 

O 

O 

K 

« 

H 

Alabama 

74,374 

25,305 

1,399 

665 

1,565 

495 

49,069  D 

11 

Arkansas 

87.015 

56,760 

5,842 

1,194 

1,026 

289 

30,255  D 

9 

California 

127,492 

214,398 

28.659 

11,770 

4,278 

86,906  R 

io 

Colorado 

126,644 

123,700 

7,947 

5,559 

2,944  D 

5 

Connecticut 

68.255 

112,913- 

5,113 

2,380 

608 

728 

44,660  R 

7 

Delaware 

22,071 

25,014 

239 

670 

30 

2,943  R 

3 

Florida 

31.104 

10,654 

3  747 

1,356 

1.946 

553 

20,4.50  D 

5 

72.413 

41.692 

584 

1,059 

16,969 

77 

30,721   R 

13 

36,162 

52.621 

6,400 

1,986 

119 

16,526  R 

3 

450,795 

629.929 

34,691 

29,343 

1,651 

633 

7,709 

189,999  R 

27 

Indiana 

338.262 

348.993 

13,476 

18,045 

643 

1,193 

514 

10.731   R 

15 

200.771 

275.210 

8,287 

9.837 

261 

404 

74.4.39  R 

13 

161.209 

197.216 

12,420 

5,033 

68 

36.007  R 

10 

Kentucky 

244.092 

235,711 

4,060 

5.887 

404 

333 

200 

8.381  D 

13 

Louisiana 

63.568 

8.958 

2,538 

82 

54.610  D 

9 

Maine 

35,493 

66,987 

1,758 

1.487 

700 

31.584  R 

6 

Maryland 

115.908 

116,513 

2,323 

3.302 

485 

605  R 

6 

2 

Missachusetts. . . 

155,543 

265,966 

10,781 

4.379 

1.018 

19,239 

110.423  R 

16 

Michigan 

175,771 

335,580 

11,586 

16,974 

1.096 

742 

159.809  R 

14 

Minnesota 

109,401 

195,843 

14,527 

11,107 

426 

86.442  R 

11 

Mississippi 

60,287 

4,363 

978 

1,276 

55,924  D 

10 

Missouri 

346,574 

347,203 

15.431 

4,231 

868 

1,165 

402 

629  R 

i8 

Montana 

29,326 

32,333 

5.8.55 

827 

481 

3,007  R 

3 

Nebraska 

131,099 

126,997 

3,524 

5,179 

4,102  D 

8 

Nevada 

11,212 

10,775 

2.103 

436 

437  D 

3 

New  Hampshire. 

33,655 

53.149 

1,299 

905 

584 

19,494  R 

4 

New  Jersey 

182,567 

265,326 

10,253 

4,934 

].i96 

2,922 

82,759  R 

12 

New  York 

667,468 

870.070 

38,451 

22,667 

3,877 

35,817 

202,602  R 

39 

North  Carolina. . 

136,995 

114,937 

378 

360 

22,058  D 

12 

North  Dakota.. . 

32,8S5 

57,689 

2,421 

1,553 

43 

24,795  R 

4 

Ohio 

592,721 
122,363 

572,312 
110,474 

33,795 
21,734 

11,402 

720 

163 
412 

475 
245 

69,591  R 
11,889  D 

"i 

23 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

38,049 

62,530 

7.339 

2,682 

289 

24,481  R 

4 

Pennsylvania.. . . 

448.778 

745,779 

33.913 

36,691 

1,222 

1,057 

297,001  R 

34 

Rhode  Island.. . . 

24,706 

43,942 

1.365 

1,016 

183 

1,105 

19,236  R 

4 

South  Carolina. . 

62,288 

3,963 

100 

42 

58,325  D 

9 

South  Dakota. . . 

40,266 

67.536 

2.846 

4,039 

88 

27,270  R 

4 

Tennessee 

135,608 

118.324 

1.870 

300 

1.081 

332 

17,284  D 

i2 

Texas 

217.302 
42,601 
11.496 

65,666 
61,015 
39,552 

7,870 
4,895 

1,634 
"  ■  799 

972 

"115 

87 

804 

151,636  D 
18,414  R 
28,056  R 

18 

Utah 

3 

VermDnt 

4 

Virginia 

82.946 

52,573 

255 

1,111 

25 

ios 

51 

30,373  D 

i2 

Washington 

58.691 

106,062 

14,177 

4,700 

249 

47.371   R 

5 

West  Virginia. . . 

111,418 

137,869 

3,679 

5.139 

46 

26,451   R 

7 

Wisconsin 

166,632 

247,747 

28,170 

11,572 

314 

81,115  R 

13 

Wyoming 

14,918 
6,409.104 

20,846 

1,715 

66 

64 

5,928  R 

3 

Total 

7,678,908 

420,793 

253.840 

13,825 

29,100 

82.872 

1,269,894  R 

162 

321 

Read  the 


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